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高中英語關於介詞在句中的作用的語法介紹

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英語的學習中,學生會學習到很多的知識點,下面本站的小編將爲大家帶來關於介詞在句子中的作用的知識點的介紹,希望能夠幫助到大家。

ing-bottom: 86.56%;">高中英語關於介詞在句中的作用的語法介紹
  高中英語關於介詞在句中的作用知識點

1介詞的搭配與選擇

介詞不能在句子中獨立充當一個成分,而需要與其後面的賓語相結合,成爲介詞短語,在句中充當一個成分。所以選用什麼介詞要根據其後面所接的賓語而定。但是,有時介詞也受其前面用詞的限制,因此,許多情況下也應根據介詞前面的詞選用相應的介詞。

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2介詞的語法功能

介詞與其他詞類或成分結合後方能在句子中充當語法成分,構成介詞短語。介詞短語可以作定語(須後置)、狀語、表語、賓語補足語、另一個介詞的賓語,間或作主語等。

例如:

The skyscraper in the distance isa five-star hotel.(定語)

Her eyes were tired from long reading.(狀語)

The decision is of great importance to me.(表語)

They found the machine in a bad state.(賓語補足語)

A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.(介詞賓語)

On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.(主語)

3介詞的分類

介詞是用於名詞詞組或相當於名詞詞組的結構之前,表示詞語之間意義關係的詞類。 英語常用的介詞大致可分爲四類:

1.簡單介詞

顧名思義,簡單介詞是指由一個單詞構成的介詞,也是使用最頻繁的一類介詞。簡單介詞也可能由形容詞、副詞、分詞、名詞、連詞等轉變而來。常用的簡單介詞有:

at,about,above,across,after,among, against,before,behind,below,beside,between,beyond,but,despite,during,except,for,in,of,on,over,near,past, round,since,through,till,until,with,up等。

2.合成介詞

指由介詞+其它介詞或副詞構成的介詞。常用的合成介詞有:

inside,into,onto, outside,throughout,towards,within,without等。

3.二重介詞

指由兩個單一的介詞並列在一起,作爲一個介詞使用並表達一個完整意思的介詞。常見的二重介詞有:

from among,from behind,from under,until /till after等。

4.短語介詞

指由介詞+介詞、介詞+名詞、介詞+分詞、介詞+動詞、介詞+形容詞、介詞+副詞等構成的短語.常用的有:

according to, along with,in front of,by means of,in spite of,together with,with regard to等。短語介詞與介詞短語不同。介詞短語是由介詞加賓語構成,本身可作句子成分,如定語或狀語等,可單獨使用;而短語介詞是用作介詞的短語,不可獨立使用,本身不能作句子成分,後面要跟名詞、動名詞或代詞等。

4介詞的賓語

介詞的賓語可以是名詞、代詞或其他詞類或句子等。例如:

名詞:The car ran into a wall,and two men were killed.

代詞:Wherever he went,he carried the photo with him.

形容詞:Your plan is far from perfect.

副詞:I can't see the tower clearly from came from afar.

動名詞:He entered the room without taking off his hat.

不定式:He did nothing but cry.

介詞短語:She often studies till after midnight.

數詞:In nine out often he won't come.

疑問詞+不定式:The problem of how to get enough money is difficult to settle.

疑問詞引導從句:He does not care about who will be promoted.

that引導的從句:Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak.

5介詞短語的句法功能

1.作定語

The key to the door is missing.

2.作表語

As we know, Japanis to the east of China.

3.作狀語

1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (時間狀語)

2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地點狀語)

3)All the work must be done by hand. (方式狀語)

6介詞的複合結構

1. 介詞+賓語+形容詞

He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.

2. 介詞+賓語+分詞

The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.

3. 介詞+賓語+不定式

The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.

4. 介詞+賓語+副詞

The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.

5. 介詞+賓語+介詞短語

The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.

7介詞的疊用

在少數介詞之後還可接另一個介詞短語,也就是我們所稱的二重介詞。如:

The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.

四、介詞+and+介詞

Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.

There are many trees in and outside the town.

8介詞的固定搭配

在英語中固定搭配的介詞詞組和短語介詞很多,平時需要加強記憶。此處講解幾個常見的動詞與介詞的固定搭配,並且就較容易混淆的介詞搭配進行比較、分辨。

as 擔任 act for 代理

y to 應用於,適合於,向……申請 apply for 申請,要求

ng to 屬於 belong in住在,應該…… belong with 應歸於(類別,範疇等)

on 號召,請求,拜訪 call at 探訪(at後接地方) call in 請醫生,召集,收集 call to 高聲喚(某人)

are with 跟……相比較 compare to 把……比作,與……相比

espond with 與……通信;適合 correspond to 相當於

in 做生意,經營(=engage in) deal with 對付,論及,與……交往(=cope with)

with 玩(某物) play at玩(某種遊戲) play on 玩(某種樂器)

er from 患(病),受……禍患.

on 伺候 wait for等待

9常易混用介詞的區別

1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介詞。

2. 表示地點的in和at的區別

a) at表示位置,in表示“在…內”如:

— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (問話者想知道的是位置)

— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (問話者可能已經在影院門外)

b) at表示小地點,in表示大地點

They arrived at the village at seven.

They arrived in Beijing at seven.

3. in, to和on在方位名詞前的區別

in表示在某範圍之內;to表示某範圍之外的地方;on表示“毗鄰、接壤”

Taiwanlies in the east ofChina.

Taiwanlies to the east of the mainland ofChina.

Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.

4. 表示時間的in和after

用於將來時態時,in後面接“時段”;after後面接“時點”。試比較:

He will be back in five hours.

He will be back after five o’clock.

after後面也可接“時段”,但應該用在過去時態的句子中。

They came back after five days.

10常見考法

一些常見介詞如in, at, for, to, by, on, against, between, along, below, with, as等的辨析;

一些介詞短語如next to, far from, out of, due to, in all, in fact, in short, in return, in search of, in place of, for lack of, for fear of, by nature, in case, by chance 的辨析.

11誤區提醒

1. 一些介詞的基本用法不清;2. 一些多義介詞的用法弄混;3. 一些介詞短語不會靈活運用。

【典型例題】

d you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are ____ everyone’s enjoyment.

B. at C. for D. to

解析: 錯選D。for everyone’s enjoyment 意爲“爲了大家欣賞”,for在此處爲一基本用法,但受to one’s joy的影響錯選答案。正確答案爲C。

2. So far, we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is ____ ideal. We have to work still harder.

A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to

解析:錯選C。next to 挨着,far from 遠非,out of 出於,due to 因爲,根據意思,有空的句子要表達“但還很不理想”。正確答案爲B。

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1.常用單詞

(1)campus校園 (2)canteen餐廳 (3)laboratory/lab實驗室 (4)dining hall食堂

(5)dormitory宿舍 (6) club俱樂部 (7)competition競賽 (8)rewards獎勵

(9)achievement/result成績 (10) marks/grades/scores分數

2.常用短語

(1)school dining hall學生食堂

(2)teaching building教學樓

(3)lecture theatre階梯教室

(4)the Students’ Union學生會

(5)social practice 社會實踐

(6)part-time jobs業餘工作

(7)vacation jobs假期工作

(8)prepare lessons 備課

(9)have lessons上課

(10)miss a lesson誤一節課

(11)prepare for lessons預習功課

(12)stay away from school曠課

(13)work hard at 努力做(學)

(14)put one’s heart into專心於

(15)concentrate on 全神貫注;專心於

(16)graduation ceremony 畢業典禮

(17)English evening 英語晚會

(18)after-school/extracurricular activities課外活動

(19)social investigation社會調查

(20)voluntary labor義務勞動

(21)physical activities 體育活動

(22)see the sights of看景點

(23)have a picnic/barbecue去野餐/燒烤

(24)have a party舉行晚會

(25)hold a sports meeting舉行運動會

(26)have an outing at the seashore在海邊郊遊

(27)learn... by heart記住

(28)keep... in mind記住

(29)work out 計算出

(30)make progress in ... 在……方面取得進步

(31)have a good command of精通於

(32)pass the examination通過考試

(33)get full mark for得滿分

(34)cheat in the exam考試作弊

(35) fail (in) the math test數學測驗不及格

(36)win the first (prize) in maths competition數學競賽第一名

(37)get /take the first place in the English speech contest英語口語競賽第一名

(36)lay a good foundation in在……方面打下良好的基礎

3.參考語句

(1)A child poor at math may be talented for painting.一個數學差的小孩,可能是藝術天才。

(2)I prefer to fail rather than cheat in the exam.我寧願考不及格,也不願意考試作弊。

(3)The extracurricular activity is a necessary part of the school lives.課外活動是學校生活不可缺少的一環。


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