初中英語五種語法知識點總結
初中英語有許多的語法，掌握了對寫作閱讀有大幫助小編在這裏整理了五種供大家閱讀，快來學習學習吧!
一.名詞
I.名詞的種類：
專有名詞 | 普通名詞 | |||
國名.地名.人名， 團體.機構名稱 | 可數名詞 | 不可數名詞 | ||
個體名詞 | 集體名詞 | 抽象名詞 | 物質名詞 | |
II. 名詞的數：
1. 規則名詞的複數形式：
名詞的複數形式，一般在單數形式後面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下：
規則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 一般情況在詞尾加-s | map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 | 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞後加-es | class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 | 以-f或-fe結尾的詞 | 變-f和-fe爲v再加-es | leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s | belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 | 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y爲i加-es | party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 | 以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s | toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 | 以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外來詞加-s | piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
兩者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 | 以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s | radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 | 以-th結尾的名詞加-s | truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, | |
2. 不規則名詞複數：
英語裏有些名詞的複數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：
規則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 | 單複數相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 | 只有複數形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 | 一些集體名詞總是用作複數 | people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 | 部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作複數（成員） | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 | 複數形式表示特別含義 | customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) | |
7 | 表示“某國人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
單複數同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman結尾的改爲-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 | 合成名詞 | 將主體名詞變爲複數 | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
無主體名詞時將最後一部分變爲複數 | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
將兩部分變爲複數 | women singers, men servants | ||
III. 名詞的所有格：
名詞在句中表示所有關係的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，後者多表示無生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構成：
單數名詞在末尾加’s | the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
複數名詞 | 一般在末尾加’ | the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不規則複數名詞後加’s | the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有關係時,各名詞末尾均須加’s | ||
表示共有的所有關係時在最後一詞末加’s | ||
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格後名詞省略 | the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s | |
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ | 表示時間 | today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 | 表示自然現象 | the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 | 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 | the country’s plan, the world’s population, |
4 | 表示工作羣體 | the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 | 表示度量衡及價值 | a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 | 與人類活動有特殊關係的名詞 | the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 | 某些固定詞組 | a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法：
用於無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用於有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students
用於名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分爲不定冠詞(a, an)，定冠詞(the)，和零冠詞。
I.不定冠詞的用法：
1 | 指一類人或事，相當於a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相當於every，one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相當於the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用於人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用於固定詞組中 | A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 | 用於quite, rather, many, half, what, such之後 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | 用於so(as, too, how)+形容詞之後 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠詞的用法：
1 | 表示某一類人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. |
2 | 用於世上獨一無二的事物名詞前 | the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 | 表示說話雙方都瞭解的或上文提到過的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? |
4 | 用於樂器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar |
5 | 用於形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 | the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” | the Greens, the Wangs |
7 | 用於序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 | He is the taller of the two children. |
8 | 用於國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川羣島的名詞前 | the |
9 | 用於表示發明物的單數名詞前 | The compass was invented in |
10 | 在逢十的複數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代 | in the 1990’s |
11 | 用於表示單位的名詞前 | I hired the car by the hour. |
12 | 用於方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前 | He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠詞的用法：
1 | 專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 | Beijing University, Jack, |
2 | 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 | 季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前 | March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 | 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 | Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 | 學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞並用時 | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 表示泛指的複數名詞前 | Horses are useful animals. |
三.代詞：
I.代詞可以分爲以下七大類：
1 | 人稱代詞 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
賓格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代詞 | 形容詞性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名詞性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代詞 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代詞 | this, that, these, those, such, some | |
5 | 疑問代詞 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 關係代詞 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代詞 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either | |||
II. 不定代詞用法注意點：
1. one, some與any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，複數爲ones。some多用於肯定句，any多用於疑問句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用於疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答覆，或者表示建議，請求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?
3) some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和數詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Doyou feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each強調個別，代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數必須是三個或三個以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has adictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等於not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數名詞，謂語用單數，代替可數名詞，謂語單複數皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個，複數爲the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.
2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，複數形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all ofthe books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容詞和副詞
I.形容詞：
1. 形容詞的位置：
1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況後置：
1 | 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的複合不定代詞時 | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置於有最高級或only修飾的名詞之後 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以後置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空間、時間、單位連用時 | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成對的形容詞可以後置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容詞短語一般後置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：
代詞 | 數詞 | 性狀形容詞 | ||||||||
冠詞前的形容詞 | 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 | 序數詞 | 基數詞 | 性質 狀態 | 大小 長短 形狀 | 新舊 溫度 | 顏色 | 國籍 產地 | 材料 質地 | 名詞 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | |
3) 複合形容詞的構成：
1 | 形容詞+名詞+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名詞+形容詞 | world-famous |
2 | 形容詞+形容詞 | dark-blue | 7 | 名詞+現在分詞 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容詞+現在分詞 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名詞+過去分詞 | snow-covered |
4 | 副詞+現在分詞 | hard-working | 9 | 數詞+名詞+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副詞+過去分詞 | newly-built | 10 | 數詞+名詞 | twenty-year |
II. 副詞
副詞的分類：
1 | 時間副詞 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently | 5 | 頻度副詞 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 | 地點副詞 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above | 6 | 疑問副詞 | how, where, when, why |
3 | 方式副詞 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really | 7 | 連接副詞 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 | 程度副詞 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather | 8 | 關係副詞 | when, where, why |
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：
形容詞和副詞的比較等級分爲原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞後加-er和-est，多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級比較時常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I amnot so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a moreworrying day.
5. 表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。
五.介詞
I.介詞分類：
1 | 簡單介詞 | about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on |
2 | 合成介詞 | inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without |
3 | 短語介詞 | according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to |
4 | 雙重介詞 | from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between |
5 | 分詞轉化成的介詞 | considering(就而論), including |
6 | 形容詞轉化成的介詞 | like, unlike, near, next, opposite |
II. 常用介詞區別：
1 | 表示時間的in, on, at | at表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關 |
2 | 表示時間的since, from | since 指從過去到現在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始 |
3 | 表示時間的in, after | in指在一段時間之後，after表示某一具體時間點之後或用在過去時的一段時間中 |
4 | 表示地理位置的in, on, to | in表示在某範圍內，on指與什麼毗鄰，to指在某環境範圍之外 |
5 | 表示“在…上”的on, in | on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示佔去某物一部分 |
6 | 表示“穿過”的through, across | through表示從內部通過，與in有關，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關 |
7 | 表示“關於”的about, on | about指涉及到，on指專門論述 |
8 | between與among的區別 | between表示在兩者之間，among用於三者或三者以上的中間 |
9 | besides與except的區別 | besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什麼”，不放在句首 |
10 | 表示“用”的in, with | with表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音 |
11 | as與like的區別 | as意爲“作爲，以…地位或身份”，like爲“象…一樣”，指情形相似 |
12 | in與into區別 | in通常表示位置（靜態），into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置 |
分類詞彙記憶
疾病與傷痛
accident | 事故，意外的事 |
ache | 疼痛 |
blind | 失明 |
burn | 燒傷火、熱或酸所造成的傷害或傷痕 |
cancer | |
cold | 傷風；感冒 |
cough | 咳嗽 |
cut | 剪；切；割 |
disease | 疾病 |
fever | 發燒；發熱 |
flu | 流感 |
headache | 頭痛 |
illness | 疾病；生病；不健康 |
problem | 問題，難題 |
toothache | 牙疼 |
trouble | 問題，疾病；煩惱，麻煩 |
wound | 傷，傷害 |
感覺與情感
ache | 疼痛 |
attention | 注意，關心 |
care | 照料，保護，小心 |
cheer | 歡呼;喝彩 |
cheat | 騙取，哄騙，作弊 |
cry | 喊叫;哭 |
doubt | 懷疑；疑惑 |
emotion | 感情，情感 |
excuse | 原諒；寬恕 |
favorite | 最受喜愛的(東西） |
fear | 恐懼，害怕 |
feeling | 感覺，知覺，觸覺 |
fun | 快樂；有趣的，令人愉快的 |
greeting | 祝賀 |
hate | 恨；討厭 |
hobby | 嗜好，興趣 |
interest | 興趣，愛好 |
joy | 歡樂，高興，樂趣 |
laugh | 笑；大笑；嘲笑 |
love | 愛；熱愛；很喜歡 |
pardon | 原諒，寬恕 |
peace | 和平；安寧；靜寂 |
pity | 憐憫；同情 |
pleasure | 愉快；快樂；高興 |
praise | 讚揚，表揚 |
pride | 自豪，驕傲 |
regard | 關心，注意，致意，問候，尊敬 |
respect | 尊敬，尊重 |
regret | 可惜，遺憾；痛惜；哀悼 |
shame | 羞愧，慚愧 |
silence | 寂靜；沉默 |
sense | 感覺，判斷力 |
smell | 氣味；嗅覺 |
smile | 微笑 |
surprise | 使吃驚；景氣；令人意想不到的事情 |
sweet | 甜蜜 |
taste | 嘗；品嚐；品味 |
thank | 感謝；謝意 |
touch | 碰，觸摸 |
wish | 願望;祝願 |
wonder | 驚訝，驚歎；奇蹟 |
worry | 煩惱；擔憂；發怒；困擾 |
victory | 勝利 |
