大學英語寫作教程怎麼考試
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Sentence fragments：
句子碎片：
sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.
句子是完整的主題有完整的主語和謂語，而且並不需要成分來補充它的意思。
When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop (period， exclamation point，or question mark)at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.
當任何一個非獨立成分被句首大寫字母強調並且末尾有一個停頓(句號， 感嘆號，問號)，他被稱爲句子片段
A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：
句子碎片可以用多種不同的方法修正
a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入進另一個句子
b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一個主語和謂語
c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改變句意的範圍內重寫
Any verbless or subjectless fragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.
任何沒有主語或謂語的句子碎片，不管是否分類，都不應該當做句子。
A. A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly;by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it ，whichever makes sense ;or by rewriting the fragment entirely.
一個缺少主語或謂語的句子碎片可以通過增加一個相應的主語或謂語來改正;或通過把句子碎片加入它前面或後面的句子使其合理的完整;或完全的重寫句子碎片。
B. Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb often begin with one of the following words.;for example ，also，except，such as ，including，especially，namely 額外的碎片也是缺少主語和謂語的。大多是以以下的詞開始的;例如，並且，除了，像，包含，特別，即
An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 額外碎片可以通過以下三種方式改正
a. Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.
附加到他之前的完整意思中
b. Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.
在碎片中加入主語和謂語使他成爲一個完整的句子
c. Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.
改變必要的詞彙使句子碎片成爲一個句子
Run—on sentence
連寫句
A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts (or independent clauses)without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.
連寫句是兩個或兩個以上的寫在一起且中間沒有明顯停頓標記的完整的意思(獨立句) They may be corrected in four principal ways：
連寫句的四種主要的改正方法：
a. Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一個句號把它寫成兩個分開的不同的句子。 b. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗號和適合的連詞
c. Use a semicolon用一個分號
d. Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一個句子變爲從句
Misplaced and dangling modifiers
大學英語寫作教程複習重點2錯位修飾語和懸垂修飾語
A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,laced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify. Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。錯位修飾語和懸垂修飾語修飾語在句子中的職能就是去修飾和限定句子中的另一個詞的意思。錯位修飾語和懸垂修飾語破壞了修飾語必須挨着他所修飾的那個詞的基本的規則。錯位修飾語和懸垂修飾語都修飾了錯誤的詞或沒有起到修飾的作用。
Misplaced modifiers
錯位修飾語
A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else
當一個修飾語出現在離他要修飾的詞很遠的地方時，修飾看起來不再明顯或像在修飾其他的什麼。
Squinting modifiers
偏斜修飾語
A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it. Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at result is a sentence with two possible meanings。
偏斜修飾語就是指一個修飾詞看起來在同時修飾他前後的兩個詞,看起來是在一次修飾兩個方向，結果句子就出現了兩種可能的意思。
Split infinitives
分裂不定式
A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.
分裂不定式是將to 和有聯繫的那個動詞隔離開的結構。
Dangling modifiers
懸垂修飾語
A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.
懸垂修飾語是一組在句子中與任何元素都沒有語法聯繫的修飾語。
There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五種懸垂修飾
a. dangling participles 懸垂分詞
b. dangling gerunds懸垂動名詞
c. dangling infinitives 懸垂不定式
d. dangling elliptical clauses懸垂精簡句
e. dangling prepositional phrases懸垂介詞短語
Correcting dangling modifiers
校正懸垂修飾語
a. One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。
一種方法是捨棄修飾語照現在的樣子改寫主句，以便明白什麼纔是作者修飾的主題。
b. Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.
另一種改正包含懸垂修飾語的句子方法是將懸垂結構改成一個從句。
c. The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.
第三種方法是省略懸垂修飾語，重寫完整的句子。
Pronoun reference
指示代詞
Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns (persons，places， or things)，which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代詞代替那些在句子中多次出現的名詞。 Antecedent 先行詞 代詞所指代的那個詞。每個代詞有且只有一個先行詞
Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.
代詞必須在這樣的方式中使用已明確他們的職權
a. more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多個先行詞
b. it has no antecedent at all 沒有先行詞
Weak reference
暗示指代
Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.
暗示指代是代詞的先行詞是暗示或未指定的句子類型
Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.
暗含代詞也引用同樣的代名詞代表不同的隱含先行詞的句子類型
Broad reference
寬泛指代
There are two ways to improve broad reference：兩種改善寬泛指代的方法
a. Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代詞
b. Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify
把代詞變爲指示形容詞
Parallelism
平行 排比
Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form. It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb， infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth. 平行的修辭原則就是句子中有相同的語法功能的成分要放在相同的語法結構中。這是作家們對類似物的平衡技巧，名詞和名詞，動詞和動詞，不定式和不定式，短語和短語，分句和分句，等等。
Value of parallelism
排比的價值
It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.
作者用排比來保持句子的流暢和連貫，和給句子 節奏 平衡 強調語氣
Techniques used in gaining parallelism
排比的使用方法
a. Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入並列連詞
b. Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入關聯連詞
c. Repetition of certain word 重複一些有特點的詞
Unnecessary shifts
不必要的變幻
An unnecessary shift，as the name implies ，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的變幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可說明的觀點
A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse. 一個好的作者要保持語態 時態 語氣 人稱 以及敘事方式的一致
a. Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject語態一致
b. Unnecessary shifts in tense時態上的一致
c. Unnecessary shifts in mood語氣上的一致
d. Unnecessary shifts in person or number人稱 數上的一致
e. Unnecessary shifts in discourse敘事方式上的一致
f. Discourse (speech)can be either direct or indirect敘事方式可以是直接引語或間接引語 Sentence emphasis
大學英語寫作教程複習重點3句子開頭的多樣性
a. begin sentences with an appositive用同位語做句子開頭
b. begin sentences with an adverb 用副詞做句子開頭
c. begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容詞或形容詞短語做句子開頭 d. begin sentences with participial phrase用分詞短語做句子開頭
e. begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短語做句子開頭
f. begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介詞短語做句子開頭
g. begin sentences with clause modifiers用從句做句子開頭
B. Varying the kinds of sentences
句子種類的多樣性
A )Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用簡單句並列句以及含有從句的複雜句
B)use rhetorical sentences 運用修辭手法
loose sentences 鬆散句
periodic sentences 圓周句
ences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是鬆散句或圓周句 balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length ，but often contrasted in meaning.
平衡句子是在對相同長度中的句子包括兩個或兩個以上的相似形式短語或分句
C. Varying the length of sentences
句子長度的多樣性
Coordination 並列連詞
Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements .
連詞可連接相等重量的元素
Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing .
聰明的運用連詞可以使句子通順，多樣性，加強語氣，增強我們文章的統一性。 Patterns of coordination
連詞的模式
A. simple coordination
簡單的連詞
B. a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements
第二種連詞的模式利用相關加強協調兩個連詞元素的連接
C. a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items .
第三種連詞的模式包含一系列、列表、三個或更多的物品
Try eliminating all conjunctions ; it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely ; they can be grouped into pairs . 試着消除所有連詞,它甚至可以用一句話概括了一系列與重複合用,消除了其餘的全部，它們可以分組配對。
Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用連詞
Subordination
從句
subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader .
從句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通過相對的比較使讀者更容易明白
Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness .
從句幫助我們避免斷斷續續的句子或者過多的連詞以達到多樣性和句子的通順
Ways of subordination
從句的方法
a. subordination by and adverbial clause狀語從句
b. subordination by and attributive clause 定語從句
c. subordination by a modifying phrase 修飾短語從句
d. subordination by an appositive 同位語從句
e. subordination by a word . 用單詞
Avoidance of inverted subordination . 避免倒裝的從句
Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions
避免過量的重疊的從句
Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表達過多的從屬
