高中英語語法;並列句與狀語從句
句子是由詞按照一定的語法結構組成的。組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分。小編在這裏整理了相關知識，希望能幫助到大家。
Ⅰ. 單句語法填空
ons can be learned to face the future __though/although__history cannot be changed.
解析：對比分析兩個句子的意思可知從句表達的意思是“雖然;儘管”。句意爲：雖然歷史不能被改變，但是可以學習經驗來面對未來。設空處引導讓步狀語從句，故填though/although。
will never gain success __unless__you are fully devoted to your work.
解析：根據句意可知主從句間是條件關係，且對比分析兩句話間“主將從現”的時態及主句中的否定詞never可知用表條件的unless()。句意爲：除非你完全投入到你的工作中，否則你永遠無法取得成功。
is a shy man，__but__he is not afraid of anything or anyone.
解析：but用來連接並列但語義對比的兩個句子。句意：他是個靦腆的人，但他並不怕任何事或任何人。
4.__Once__the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.
解析：once一旦。句意：一旦造成損害，土地要好多年才能恢復。
need to get to the root of the problem__before__we can solve it.
解析：本題考查狀語從句的連詞。before表示“主句發生在從句之前”。句意：在我們解決問題之前，我們需要找到問題的根源。
6.__Although/Though__the job takes a significant amount of time，most students agree that the experience is worth it.
解析：although/though雖然(表示“雖然”時，不在後面使用連詞but，不過有時它可與yet，still，nevertheless等副詞連用)。句意：雖然那個工作要花大量的時間，但是大多數學生都覺得這次經歷是值得的。
's why I help brighten people's you__don't__，who's to say that another person will?
解析：考查if引導的條件狀語從句。在if引導的條件狀語從句中，如果從句談論的是一個有可能發生的事實及其產生的相關的結果，主句用一般將來時態，從句用一般現在時態。此句中的who's to say that another person will用的是將來時，故if引導的條件狀語從句要用一般現在時。句意：這就是爲什麼我要使人們的日子變得鮮活起來。如果你不這樣做，你說誰會這樣做?
e is only one more day to go__before__your favorite music group play live.
解析：before意爲“在……之前”。句意：離你最喜歡的樂隊的現場演奏只剩下一天了。
you miss this chance，it may be years __before__ you get another one.
解析：It be+時間段+before...“要過……纔會……”。句意：如果你錯過這次機會，可能要等很多年纔會再有另一個機會。
is so cold that you can't go outside__unless__fully covered in thick clothes.
解析：本題考查狀語從句引導詞及狀語從句的省略。句意：天如此冷以至於你除非完全包裹着厚衣服，否則不能外出。unless除非。unless從句中省略主語you及系動詞are。
11. It's a motto that we should never remember the benefit we have offered __nor__ forget the favor received.
解析：句意爲：我們應當永遠不要記掛我們所給予的好處也不要忘記我們所受的恩惠。這是一則座右銘。nor爲表示否定含義的並列詞，...表示“既不……也不……”。
any Chinese which city in China is famous for ice and snow, __and__ the answer is sure to be Harbin.
解析：句意爲：(如果)你問任何一箇中國人中國的哪座城市因冰雪而出名，答案一定是哈爾濱。此處爲“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”的結構，兩個分句之間爲順承關係，故填and。
k to what you think is right, __and__ you will gain a surprising happy ending.
解析：句意爲：堅持你認爲正確的，你會擁有一個幸福的結局。此處爲“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”的結構，兩個分句之間爲順承關係，故填and。
14.—Can I lie about seeing a text message because I was too busy or lazy to respond to it?
—Receiving a text message does not necessarily mean you have to respond. Why waste a perfectly good lie __when__ the truth will serve?
解析：句意爲：——當我很累或懶得去答覆時，我可以撒謊說沒看過短信嗎?——收到短信並不一定意味着必須回覆。爲什麼非得濫用一個精心編造的謊言而不去說實話呢?對比分析主從句謂語的動作可知是同時發生，因此用時間狀語連詞when表示“當……時候”。
gh it has been one year __since__ he came to the city, he knows every street here like the back of his hand.
解析：句意爲：儘管他來這座城市僅僅一年，但是他對這兒的每條街道瞭如指掌。本題考查固定句型“it has been+時間段+since...”，表示“自從……已經多久了”。
16.—What did he think of the trip to Beijing last month?
—He had such a good time __when__ he visited the Great Wall.
解析：句意爲：——他認爲上個月的北京之行怎麼樣?——當他去參觀長城時玩得很開心。設空處引導時間狀語從句，表示“當……時候”，故填when。本題容易誤用成“...”結構。
le __as/though__ he knew about classical music, he pretended to be an expert on it.
解析：句意爲：儘管他對古典音樂瞭解很少，但他假裝對此是名專家。分析句意及句子結構可知，設空處所在分句爲讓步狀語從句，且否定詞little位於句首，應用倒裝結構，故填as或though。although也表“儘管”，但其引導的從句要用正常語序，故不填。
le in Dali are very friendly and honest to you __whether__ you are a foreigner or just a local.
解析：句意爲：大理的人對你很誠實而友好，無論你是外地人還是當地居民。...表示“無論是……還是……”，引導讓步狀語從句。
can smoke here __if__ you leave a window open to let the smoke out.
解析：句意爲：如果你留一扇窗戶使煙散發出去，你就可以在這裏吸菸。根據句意可知，此處爲條件狀語從句，表示“如果”，故填if。
__as__ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence，a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.
解析：句意爲：正如單獨一個詞能改變一個句子的含義一樣，一個獨立的句子也能改變一個段落的含義。just as意爲“正如，正像”，符合句意。
英語的句子成分
主語
主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什麼”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當於名詞的單詞或短語來充當，也有從句充當的現象。大多數主語都在句首。
如：
講述“誰” We work in a big factory.
講述“什麼” The classroom is very big.
數詞作主語 Three are enough.
從句作主語 What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物.
▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：
There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲ 在個別句型中，主語在整個句子後面，這時前面用it作形式主語。如：
It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house.
謂語
謂語時用來說明主語“做什麼”、“是什麼”或“怎麼樣”，謂語必須是動詞，謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數”兩方面必須一致。
如：He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool
We have finished the job.
He can speak German.
表語說明主語“是什麼”或“怎麼樣”，由名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、不定式及相當於名詞的詞或短語來充當，它的位置在系動詞後面。
形容詞作表語
You look youngerthan before. 名詞作表語
Myfather is a teacher. 副詞作表語
Everyone is here. 介詞短語作表語
They are at the theatre.不定式作表語
My job is to teach them English. 動名詞作表語
Her job is training the nurses.從句作表語
賓語
▲賓語是動作、行爲的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當於名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當，它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什麼，通常放在謂語動詞後面。有時，會有雙賓語。
如：
名詞作賓語 He never forgives others for their mistakes.
代詞做賓語 He often helps me.
不定式作賓語 He likes to sleep in theopen air.
動名詞作賓語The Americans enjoyed livingin China.
從句做賓語 I believe that they can finish the work intime.
▲直接賓語和間接賓語
及物動詞作謂語時，後面要跟賓語，賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的對象。但有些動詞除了直接賓語外，還需要有一個間接賓語，間接賓語表語動作是對誰做的，所以只能用名詞或代詞來充當。如：
We brought themsome food.
主 謂 間賓 直賓
間接賓語可以放在直接賓語後面，但必須加to 或 for。
賓補
在英語的句子中有些句子裏只有賓語並不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語後面加上賓語的補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語+賓語補足語”合起來稱爲複合賓語。複合賓語所表達的意思相當於一個巨資的意思。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語.
如:
名詞作賓補If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
形容詞作賓補 Don’t make your hands dirty.
副詞作賓補 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.
介詞短語作賓補Make yourself at home.
省略to的不定式作賓補I saw a girl go into the building.
帶to的不定式作賓補 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
現在分詞作賓補The boss kept them working all day.
過去分詞作賓補Yesterday he got his leg broken.
在英語中,常見的“賓語+賓語補足語”的結構有：
▲“賓語+名詞”。常用於改結構的動詞有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call himJack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
▲“賓語+形容詞”。常見的動詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。
如：Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep our classroom clean.
We can’t leave him alone.
▲“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關係。常見的副詞有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。
如：Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li droveus home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語(即賓語)所處的狀態，兩者有主表的關係。
如：We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.
▲“賓語+不定式”
充當賓補的不定式有三種：
A 要求帶to的不定式
B要求不帶to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等
C 單詞help 後可加 to 或不加 to
▲“賓語+現在分詞”
現在分詞作賓補，此時在該句型中的賓語即爲現在分詞邏輯上的主語，有着主謂關係。
I saw them playing on the playground.
I heard Mary singingin the classroom.
▲“賓語+過去分詞”。
賓語和賓補之間是被動關係，過去分詞表示被動和完成。
I had my bikestolen.
The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood.
▲ 形式賓語+形容詞
We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.
▲賓語+what從句
Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.
The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.
定語
▲定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當於形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語。因爲它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。
如：
形容詞作定語 The black bike is mine.
代詞作定語 What’s your name?
名詞作定語 They madesome paper flowers.
介詞短語作定語 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.
從句作定語 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.
▲修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定語必須後置。
如：We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.
Do you have anything important totell me?
▲介詞短語作定語時要後置。
如：Do you know the boy behind thetree?
The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.
▲動詞的不定式作定語時要後置
What about something to drink?
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
▲near by,below, downstairs等個別方位詞作定語時要後置。
如：
We are at the topof the hill. Can you see the village below?
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?
狀語
狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行爲發生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式，從句或相當於副詞的詞或短語來充當。狀語一般放在句末，但有時也可以放在句首、句中。
如：
He did it carefully(程度狀語)
They missed me very much.(程度狀語)
Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.(條件狀語)
In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.(目的狀語)
When I was young, I could swim well.(時間狀語)
