現在分詞語法知識點詳解
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
(1)現在分詞的形式：否定式：not + 現在分詞
現在分詞的主動語態：現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業，他開始打籃球。
現在分詞的被動語態：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作，完成式表示發生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
(2)現在分詞的句法功能：
①現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在後來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改爲the man who is speaking to the teacher.
②現在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. 鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
③作賓語補足語：如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?He kept the car waiting at the gate.
④作狀語：
A. 作時間狀語： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
B. 作原因狀語： Being a League member, he is always helping others.
C.作方式狀語，表示伴隨： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
D.作條件狀語： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E. 作結果狀語： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
F.作目的狀語： He went swimming the other day.
G.作讓步狀語： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
H.與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時，一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：
The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water(開有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點着燈睡着了。
E. 作獨立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
5 過去分詞 ：過去分詞只有一種形式：規則動詞由原形動詞詞尾加-ed構成.不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則，要一一記住 。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1)過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上週一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選爲委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用於名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
(2)過去分詞作表語：
fallen leaves(落葉)newly arrived goods(新到的貨)
the risen sun(升起的太陽)the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
(3) 過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：With the work done, they went out to play.
(4)過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. (表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.
