托福独立写作要如何写结尾呢
很多学生在呕心沥血精心设计完托福写作开头段和主体段落后，有时候会草草概括了一下结尾，字数单薄，内容无力，这样文章会显得头重脚轻且内容明显敷衍了事。那么，托福独立写作要如何写结尾呢?
托福独立写作要如何写结尾呢?
首先，新托福写作考试结尾段起到总结全文作用，因此，应该用凝练的语言概括出全文分论点。但是，仅仅这样收尾未免太过单调，有些学生词汇有限，写出的结尾还很可能与分论点的用词重合，而考官如果读到这种结尾，就会觉得索然无味。因此写作结尾不能成为整个文章的拖油瓶，还应在总结全文的基础上，增加笔墨，对文章主题进行升华。
以托福常考话题为例，分析在总结分论点后，有哪些方法可以升华拓展主题：
1、预测未来趋势
针对社会热点类话题，如“国外学习好还是国内学习好”，学生在总结论点后，可以适当预测该话题整个发展趋势，以此强化作者本身强烈的立场。如，考试总结完studying abroad 有culture、competitiveness、以及high quality education 的分论点后，可以用I tend tobelieve, it can be predicted that…等句型结尾，预测未来：“我们国家出国留学学生会越来越多，并且留学生群体会越来越年轻”这样类似的话题作为结尾。
2. 提出建议、解决办法
如若考生碰到解决问题类练习题，如it is a waste of money for space exploration,在结尾提出自己的建议和解决办法可以写出耳目一新、个性化的结尾。比如，既然有人认为space exploration 是浪费金钱的，政府压力过大，那么考生可以在结尾处补充，比如说： I strongly recommend that major companies can participate to investigate space travel, then less burden the government may be faced with.
3.增强语气
除了上面两种方式拓展主题，考生碰到任何类型题目，都能用增强自身语气的方式锦上添花。比如练习题：whichis better： tolive in a big city, or a small town?考生如果巧用一个反问句便可以使整个结尾段落完美落幕。How can one possibly deny that the purpose of life is to explore new things that small towns fail to offer?
综上，考生要想在给rater好的开端后，最终还能一直维持好形象，应该花点小心思在结尾添上几句话，切莫草草收场。
托福写作怎样安排组织结构更合理
托福写作一篇好文章的生成跟段落结构安排是息息相关的，那么在托福写作中以怎样的结构来支持自己的观点更高呢?我们在写作中怎么样分段以及过度才会拿到好的分数呢?下面我们就一起来看看托福写作中组织结构的安排。
首先由明线入手的思路可以不太讲究结构，这点的评论请看后文;然而由暗线着手的议论却必须注意结构，因为暗线采用的是和题目本身关系不大的视角，写得好是一气呵成发人深省，写得不慎重就会失之毫厘，谬之千里，走题走到天边去。
接上文，仍以题目做示范。笔者第二次拟提纲，以理暗渡，就不能像第一次一样只写论点，而得把首段，论点，甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并写出，才能避免下笔时走题。
首段：民以食为天，食物在人类生活中的重要性不可言喻，就连食物的准备方式也可能极大影响人类文化，进而影响个人生活质量(引入社会心理学，设置暗线，为全文奠定基调)以现代生活实况分析，食品速食化导致人类生活质量下降的趋向比较明显。
第一论证段：(身体健康层面)饮食文化改变，传统有益健康而消耗时间的料理方式被摈弃，垃圾食品大行其市，天人合一，顺应生理规律的文化被断绝。(注：这里因为不是从营养，而是从生物规律论述对身体的影响，所以前文所论的paradox此处可不考虑)
第二论证段：从速食流行原因论证人类行为文化改变， 高节奏的高压生活必然促使身体早衰(身体与心理健康两个层面综合)
第三论证段：(心理健康层面)行为高速化也会导致对情感的无法顾及甚至冷漠，人类情感文化变化，并且朝不利方向。
结尾(这在提纲里其实可有可无，提纲毕竟只是具体化的思路，并不是成文。依照文章具体的论证手法，内容，结尾可以个有千秋，只要把握住一条，符合全文主旨，就可以了，提纲里就算写了，很多时候也是无用功)
用题目分析到这里，文章连雏形都已经出来了，可是究竟什么是结构呢?
回到“文章是被记录下来的表达”这个原则。结构既然是写作的必须注意事项，就必然帮助表达。对于一篇议论，作者必须大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的观点，这其中牵扯着概念的重要性顺序-----用来证明全文立场的概念是论点，是最重要的概念;用来证明论点的概念是佐证，是次等重要的概念。所谓结构，最基本的用途是将文章所有用入的概念分段，一个论点与它的所有佐证为一段，不能佐证证明的是第二论点，却在第一论点的段落。-------这就是所谓的unity.
结构的第二用途仍然是帮助表达，从逻辑思路方面。好的议论能抓住人心，令人信服，首先必须让人能看懂作者的思路，让你说明在学习场所安装电视有无弊端，你却一会说电视节目的差异，一会说学生的素质如何，读者不知所云，自然不会被你说服。每个段落和论题的联系。作者本人知道并没有用，必须表现出来。说完节目差异加一句“不同节目对学生的利弊不同，不可一概而论”，讲过学生素质补充“素质差的学生群体使学习场所吵杂，安不安电视影响都不大”，将论点间，论点和论题间紧密结合起来，保证文章思路流畅，明白易懂，就是结构中过渡句的功效，使得行文达到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具体把结构落实在IBT独立作文上，就是两点。
1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点，废话不要讲。论证一段一个论点，不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句，其它所有句子都为论证这个点，废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性，映证首段观点，废话不要讲……
2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论点和论题间的关系，而证明论点间的关系，要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的过渡不是为自己的文章过渡，而是帮读者的思维过渡，引领他们走进新的思维，所以必须确认过渡的方向，你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。
从这两点观测，笔者在前文提到的明线(支持论题)贯穿的思路在拟提纲时不需要注意结构，就好解释了。因为明线的论点注定不会跑题，不用太在意过渡问题，只要分段恰当就可以了，而这点，下笔时留神就足够了。
托福写作高分技巧：善用倒装句
倒装句有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。
一、 表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。
after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
eg. No sooner had I got home than it to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。
eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / 结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。
unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。
以上各例子都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。
二、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。
broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。
eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、 平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。
the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。
would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。
3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。
is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、 使描写生动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。
went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。
jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。
went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!
came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!
以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
托福写作范文：共同完成项目时面对面的沟通比发邮件更有效率
写作题目
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: classmates and partner can communicate with each other face to face to finish the project more better than by sending e-mail. 在共同完成一个项目的时候，同学和搭档之间面对面的沟通比发邮件更有效率，是否认同?
写作范文
The advancement of technology has introduced countless forms of communication. Cell phones, text messaging and programs like Twitter make it easy to talk with anybody, anywhere. Although technology has made communicating very easy, these forms sometimes are too detached and can lead to many misunderstandings. I still think the best way to have a conversation with someone is face to face.
Instant messaging or text messaging are convenient forms of communication, but it is hard to discuss difficult topics over text or instant message. The style of language is so abbreviated that it is hard to tell a person’s tone or mood. For example, I was once chatting with my mother and I responded “OK” when she asked me a very serious question. I thought my response was fine, but the next day my mother called me very upset. She thought I was angry with her and had been worrying all day about how to talk to me. If we had been talking on the phone, she would have been able to hear that I was not angry.
E-mail is also another form of communication that is useful, but can be troublesome if you are discussing a difficult topic. Sometimes when people are angry, they write a quick and nasty e-mail. This has gotten a lot of people in trouble with their teachers or bosses. One time, my classmate was really upset about a grade she received on a test. She was so upset about it that she sent a very rude e-mail to the teacher. After about an hour, she calmed down and realized she had made a mistake. If she had called or gone to talk to the teacher about the test, she probably would not have used such angry language. Unfortunately, it is too easy to send an e-mail without thinking. The teacher was not pleased with her e-mail, and gave her a week’s detention.
Talking with somebody on the phone, or face to face, is the best way to solve a problem. When you are speaking with somebody, you can hear the mood in his voice, or see the expression on his face. Using these verbal and physical cues, you can understand his meaning more clearly. Conversations such as politics and relationships are most successful if done over the phone or face to face. This is why people do not propose marriage through e-mail and politicians do not write laws using text messaging. Using the phone also keeps you from getting into trouble by miscommunication or misunderstanding.
