商務英語專業術語
Bargaining 討價還價，Selective perception 選擇性感知，Interdependent 相互依賴，Competitive situation 競爭性情形，Thedilemma of honesty 誠實困境。
1.Bargaining
討價還價
competitive, win-lose situations;
2.Selective perception
選擇性感知:
When the perceiver singles out certain information that supports a prior belief and filters out information that does not confirm that belief.
3.Intangibles
無形因素:
intangible factors are the underlying psychological motivations that may directly or indirectly influence the parties during a negotiation;
4.Interdependent
相互依賴:
when the parties depend on each other to achieve their own preferred
outcome they are interdependent;
5.Negotiator’s dilemma
談判者的困境:
the choice of whether to pursue a claiming value strategy is described as the “negotiator’s dilemma”.
6.initial offer
最初報價:
the first number the buyer will quote to the seller
7.Competitive situation
競爭性情形:
when the goals of two or more people are interconnected so that only one can achieve the goal, this is competitive situation, also known as a zero-sumor distributive situation，in which “individuals are so linked together that there is a negative corRelation between their goal attainments”;
8.Mutual-gainssituation
相互獲益情形:
When parties’ goals arelinked so that one person’s goal achievement helps others to achieve theirgoals, it is a mutual-gains situation,also known as a non-sum or integrative situation;
9.BATNA
達成談判協議的最佳選擇:
an acronym for best alternative to a negotiated agreement;
10.Thedilemma of honesty
誠實困境:
it concerns how much of the truth to tell the other party;
11.Thedilemma of trust
信任困境:
it concerns how much should negotiators believe what the other party tells them;
12.Distributive bargaining
分配式談判:
accepts the fact that there can only be one winner given the situation and pursues a course of action to be that winner;
13.Integrative bargaining
共贏爭價:
attempts to find solutions so both parties can do well and achieve their goals;
14.Claimvalue
主張價值:
to do whatever is necessary to claim the reward, gain the lion’s share, or gain the largest piece possible;
15.Createvalue
創造價值:
to find a way for all parties to meet their objectives, either by identifying more resources or finding unique ways to share and coordinate the use of existing resources;
16.Stereotypes
心理定勢:
is a very common distortion of the perceptual process. It occurs when one individual assigns attributes to anothersolely on the basis of the other’s membership in a particular social or demographic category.
17.Contending
爭奪戰略:
actors pursuing the contending strategy pursue their own outcomes strongly and show little concern for whether the other party obtains his or her desired outcomes;
18.Yielding
屈服戰略:
actors pursuing the yielding strategy show little interest orconcern in whether they attain their own outcomes, but they are quite interested in whether the other party attains his or her outcomes;
19.Inaction
不作爲戰略:
actors pursuing the inaction strategy show little interest in whether they attain their own out-comes, as well as little concern about the other party obtains his or her outcomes;
20.Problem solving
解決問題戰略:
actors pursuing the problem solving strategy show high concern for attaining their own outcomes and high concern for whether the other
21.target point
目標點:
the point at which negotiator would like toconclude negotiations
22.resistance point
拒絕點:
a negotiator’s bottom line, the mostthe buyer will pay or the smallest amount the seller will settle for
23.a positive bargaining range
積極的談判空間:
the buyer’s resistance is above the the seller’s, and the buyer minimally willing to pay morethan the seller is minimally willing to sell for
24.Reciprocity
互惠主義:
when you receive sth from another person, you should respond in the future with a favor in return
25.The winner’s curse
贏家的詛咒:
the tendency of negotiators, particularly inan auction setting, to settle quickly on an item and then subsequently feel discomfort about a negotiation win that comes too easily.
26.Process-basedinterests
基於談判過程的利益:
related to how the negotiators behave as they negotiate
27.indirect assessment
間接估計:
determining what information an individual likely used to set target and resistance point and how he or she interpreted this information
28.selective presentation
選擇性表述:
negotiators reveal only the facts necessary to support their case
29.Pareto efficient frontier
帕累託有效邊界：
the claiming value line is pushed towards the upper right-hand side to the fullest extent possibleby creating value, and the line is called the Pareto efficient frontier
30.shared goal(共享目標):
the goal that both parties work toward but that benefits each party differently
31.joint goal
聯合目標:
the goal thatinvolves individuals with different personal goals agreeing to combine them in a collective effort
32.Endowment effect
捐贈效應:
The tendency to overvalue something you ownor believe you possess.
33.Relationship-basedinterests
基於雙方關係的利益:
tied to the current or desired future relationship between theparties.
34.Resistance point
拒絕點:
a resistance point is the place where you decide that you should absolutely stop the negotiation rather than continue because any settlement beyond this point is not minimally acceptable.
35.Alternatives
可替代的選擇:
other agreements negotiators couldachieve and still meet their needs.
36.Target point
目標點:
one realistically expects to achievea settlement and the asking price, representing the best deal one can hope toachieve.
37.Halo effects
暈輪效應:
rather than using a person’s group membership as a basis for classification, however,halo effects occur when people generalize about a variety of attributes basedon the knowledge of one attribute of an individual.
38.Projection
投射效應:
When people assign to others the characteristics or feelings that they possess themselves.
39.Mythical fixed-pie beliefs
固定蛋糕觀念:
those who believe in the mythical fixed-pie assume there is no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, and they suppress efforts to search for them.
40.Anchoring and adjustment
基準調節:
cognitive biases in anchoring and adjustmentare related to the effect of the standard (or anchor) against which subsequent adjustments are made during negotiation.
41.Issue framing and risk
談判框架的制定方式與風險:
the way a negotiation is framedcan make negotiators more or less risk averse or risk seeking.
42.Availability of information
信用的可用性:
in negotiation, the availabilitybias operates when information that is presented in vivid, colorful, orattention-getting ways becomes easy to recall, and thus also becomes centraland critical in evaluating events and options.
43.The law of small numbers
小數法則:
in decision theory, the law of small numbersrefers to the tendency of people to draw conclusions from sample sizes. Innegotiation, the law of small numbers applies to the way negotiator learn and extrapolate from their own experience.
44.Self-serving biases
感知錯誤:
The tendency to overestimate the causal roleof personal or internal factors and underestimate the causal role of situationalor external factors, when explaining another person’s behavior.
45.Ultimatum
最後通牒：
an ultimatum is an attempt to induce compliance or force concessions from a presumably recalcitrant opponent.
