託福閱讀經典加試Title:SaltIndustryinVenice試題及答案
託福閱讀加試分爲經典加試和非經典加試，一般情況下考生遇到的情況都是經典加試，即所加試的題目都是固定的幾篇。這裏小編爲就爲大家整理了託福閱讀經典加試威尼斯鹽業內容分享給大家，希望對大家託福備考有幫助。
託福閱讀經典加試 Title: Salt Industry in Venice 試題及答案
閱讀經典加試 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice
概述：
第一段：威尼斯原本也是產鹽的，但是產fine salt 精鹽，但是需要粗鹽coarse salt的時候，就要進口，有一次天災，產鹽區1/3都受到影響，所以要import. (問什麼時候要進口，雙選)。
第二段：政府給鹽商補償金subsidy. (這裏有一個指代題) 這個補償金後來越來越高，商人寧願花高價去收購鹽，以獲得它。補償金enable商人從東地中海eastern Mediterranean進口印度香料spice, 以及rice,再販賣到西歐。(問他們爲什麼願意花高價買鹽)。說香料和米利潤高，於是威尼斯就發達了。
第三段：和中國政府不一樣，威尼斯官方不擁有鹽，但是對鹽業起到調節作用。(此處問中國是什麼樣的。選的是官方是擁有鹽，並且對鹽業調節)。威尼斯給商人發牌照license,還制定鹽的價格，要求在哪裏買等。它們還負責maintain一些建築(此處有詞彙題，是形容建築的)。 (又有一問，是排除列舉題，問以下哪一個不是威尼斯政府的職能。選的是permit商人制定的價格，價格是官方定的。其他三個選項是：發牌照;定價格;保護建築)
第四段：說他們的生意越做越大，從哪裏到哪裏(range from……to…..這個是插入題)。
第五段：威尼斯很注重它們的reputation.重視state, 簽訂contract合同。合同裏規定stipulate(詞彙題，選項爲require; assume; suggest) 威尼斯是它們的唯一供應商。
第六段：有一次希臘那邊供給出了問題，威尼斯還是履行了合同，就是爲了維護他的市場。(有考到詞彙題ruthlessly無情地; 答案應該是without mercy) 威尼斯還有了自己的艦隊，也是爲了讓大家conform with。(問關於艦隊的題目，問爲什麼提到它。是因爲它也是一種手段)
最後一題是全文總結題。
託福閱讀文章的出處及選材範圍
託福閱讀是托福考試(TOEFL iBT)中的第一項考查科目，即便在傳統意義上被認爲是最容易拿高分的一項，但因此輕視而導致託福成績不佳的同學也大有人在。需要正確認識的是：託福閱讀技能貫穿了整個托福考試：託福聽力題目選項的快速瀏覽、託福口語題幹背景的準確把握、以及託福綜合寫作短篇論點論據的有效定位，均需要快速高效的閱讀能力配合完成。從閱讀分數所佔的總分比重來看，可以毫不誇張的說"失閱讀者失全局"。
想要取得託福閱讀的好成績，首先需要熟悉其考察內容及特點：文章出處在哪裏，主題範圍有哪些;文章類型有幾種，篇章段落結構有何特點;以及文章本身的量化指標。只有把這些問題搞清楚，才能明確我們應該採取何種閱讀技巧和解題策略。
那麼託福閱讀的文章出處以及選材範圍究竟是什麼呢?
作爲一項語言能力測試，托福考試是考查考生能否具備足夠的語言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的學習任務和研究工作。因此，其閱讀文章原型大都選自美國大學本科生使用的教材，以達到最佳的模擬測試效果。
文章的選材範圍極其廣泛，涉及有自然科學包括：天文學、地質學、生物學、氣象學等;人文科學包括：藝術美學、考古學、語言學、文學等;社會科學包括：政治學、經濟學、教育學、人類學等交叉學科。
從選材範圍可見：託福閱讀的文章內容對考生知識存儲量的廣度有一定的要求，但同時考慮到考生來自於不同的專業，對於其他學科往往不具備專業素質，因此爲了遵守考試公平性原則，文章均不對其所述及的學科做過多深入的探討。
新託福閱讀機經背景知識
BACKGROUND/DISCUSSION
Songbirds include those birds from the order Passeriformes, commonly called passerines. There are approximately 5,400 different species of passerines. The suborder Oscine includes those birds that we tend to think of as your typical songbird, those birds that have complex songs as adults. In the majority of Oscines, the male is the one with the complex singing ability, and there is much diversity among males of different species in the length and complexity of their songs.
Song needs to be developed, just like any other characteristic of songbird behavior. Singing the correct song for that species is not an instinctual process. The need to sing is instinctual, however what song to sing has been found to be learned. When and where young songbirds learn their songs has long been studied. Just as songbirds differ in their songs, they also differ in their song learning process, though some basic principles seem to be the same. Many species learn their song only during the first few months, though a few can learn songs their entire lives. Also differing between species is from who the songs are learned, and how much of the songs are accurately imitated.
Some species may exactly copy the songs they are exposed to. On the other hand, many will not exactly imitate the song or songs that they have been exposed to. Instead they will take bits and pieces of it and invent their own song, though usually similar in construction to that which the species normally sings.
重點詞彙：
Passerine：雀形目的，雀形鳥
Oscine：鳴禽類的，鳴禽類的鳥
Instinctual：本能的
Principles：原則
Imitate：模仿，效仿
exposed to：曝露於，公開揭露
bits and pieces：曲子的部分調子或小節
點撥迷津：
重點內容是在第二段和第三段，告訴我們鳴禽類唱歌是一種本能，但是如何去學會唱歌的是實驗所要研究的問題。雖然每種不同的鳴禽有不同的學習過程，但是有一些基本的原則是相同的，例如大部分的鳥都是在出生的前幾個月學習唱歌。另外一個要關注的問題就是鳥類是不是準確地模仿到了自己所聽到的歌聲。
The Basic Features of Song Learning
Nine males song sparrows were collected from the wild from four different broods when they were around 4 to 6 days old. They were raised by people until they were weaned at 33 to 35 days old and then were placed into individual wire-mesh cages. Live tutors were used in this experiment. Four wild-caught adult male song sparrows were used as the tutors. The tutors were placed into flight aviaries and the subject's cages were placed adjacent to the aviaries, so that they could have visual contact with one of the tutors, while still being able to hear the other three singing. Also, the subjects were rotated so that their visual contact with one tutor varied between the tutors. The subjects were there when they were 33 to 94 days old, with the assumption that their sensitive phase lay some time in this time period.
When the subjects started singing the next spring, their repertoires were analyzed. The average was seven song types per subject. This does correspond with birds raised exclusively in the wild by their parents. Eight of the nine subjects learned songs from two or more of the tutors and later imitated these songs.
In similar experiments in which some birds are exposed to tutors and some are raised in isolation, those birds that were exposed to tutors almost always tend to imitate pieces and even complete songs. Those birds raised in isolation always sang isolate songs. These isolate songs were similar to each other and consist of much more structurally simpler songs than males raised with normal song exposure.
重點詞彙：
song sparrows: 北美歌雀
broods：窩
aviary：鳥舍
subject：實驗的對象
adjacent to：與…連接的
rotated：旋轉的
repertoires：整段樂曲
correspond with：相符合，相一致
exclusively：專門的，排外的
isolation：孤立，隔離
託福閱讀經典加試 Title: Salt Industry in Venice 試題及答案
