從古至今爲了美麗付出的十大代價(上)

People have suffered for beauty since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians wore dark eye make-up—udju and mesdemet or kohl—which contained harmful copper and lead. The ancient Greeks and Romans spread pungent crocodile dung on their faces and mixed it into their baths. Animal poop facials are still popular today, especially in Japan. Historically, putrid smells, severe damage to the body, and obvious risks have been accepted for beautifying benefits.

自古以來，人們就願爲外貌美受罪。古埃及人化黑色眼妝，如 "udju"， 眼影或眼影粉--這些都是含銅含鉛等有毒物質。古希臘人和古羅馬人，會把有刺激氣味的鱷魚糞便塗在臉上，把兩者調和後沐浴時用。動物糞便美容現今仍很流行，日本尤甚。歷史證明，惡臭味道會對身體造成嚴重損害，但很顯然，人們爲了美願意遭這種罪。

nic Consumption

10.砒霜的美容效用

While arsenic has frequently been used to commit murder throughout history, one group of people took it by choice, and many followed. The arsenic eaters of Styria dosed themselves with arsenic in the mid-1800s. These peasants were dubbed 'toxicophagi.' They began with a minute amount and increased the dose as they built their tolerance. Arsenic freshened the complexion and made breathing easier in the mountains.

縱觀歷史，砒霜常用於謀殺，但也有一部分人屬自願服食，後來很多人魚貫跟風服食。18世紀中葉，施蒂里亞砒霜服用者自助服用砒霜。這羣人被戲稱"嗜毒鬼"。他們起初只是小劑量服用，後來，隨着抗毒能力增強而增加砒霜劑量。砒霜可永葆皮膚光澤，使人在山裏呼吸更順暢。

Some of the toxicophagi could swallow enough arsenic to kill the average person, and still appear to be good health. Withdrawal could cause vomiting, constipation, spasmodic pain, and other problems. People around the world adopted the beauty practice anyway. Its mention in James Johnston's The Chemistry of Common Life likely contributed to its popularity as a cosmetic implement. The arsenic eaters either weaned themselves off gradually or died unexpectedly due to arsenic-related complications.

有些嗜毒鬼所服用砒霜劑量能致普通人於死地，但他們服用後卻仍顯出良好健康狀態。戒食砒霜可能引起嘔吐，便祕，痙攣性疼痛和其他不適症狀。但不管健康狀況如何，全世界各地人民都欣賞美。很可能是詹姆斯·約翰遜在《日常生活中的化學》 一書中提到砒霜，使得砒霜成爲一種流行化妝品。砒霜服食者要麼慢慢戒食砒霜，要麼意外死於和砒霜有關的併發症。

9.X-rays for Hair Removal

9.X射線脫毛功能

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895. Dr. Leopold Freund of Austria observed that x-rays made people's hair fall out and recommended it as a treatment for hypertrichosis. Dr. Albert Geyser embraced the treatment enthusiastically. He lost the fingers on his left hand to radiation damage. Geyser created the Cornell tube, which use "ultrasoft" x-rays. He and his son later founded Tricho Sales Corporation.

1895年，威廉·倫琴發現X射線。奧地利的利奧波德·佛羅因德教授發現X射線可致人毛髮脫髮，便建議用X射線來治療多毛症。艾伯特·凱特非常支持這種療法。但他本人由於輻射失去了左手手指。凱特研製出的康奈爾試管使用超軟射線。後來，他和兒子創立毛體銷售公司。

In a 1915 article, Dr. Geyser claimed that the Cornell tube required "no protection of any kind, either for patient or operator." He leased x-ray machines to beauty shops and trained operators to handle The Tricho System. Sessions were called 'light treatment' or 'short-wave treatment.' The long-term effects of Cornell tube treatments eventually became clear. Patients' skin wrinkled and thickened from radiation exposure. They developed skin lesions, ulcers, and cancer. The x-ray hair removal clinics functioned into the mid-century. The government didn't take action as would be expected nowadays. Instead, personal horror stories published in newspapers spread awareness and cut off demand for the service.

1915年，凱特教授在一篇文章中稱，康奈爾試管的"病人和操作者"不需"任何防護"。他把X射線機器租賃給美容院，對操作員進行培訓，使其熟練操作毛體系統。 這個療法被叫做光治療，或者短波治療。康奈爾試管治療的長期影響效果十分明顯。病人皮膚由於接觸輻射變皺、變糙，他們皮膚受損，生了潰瘍，得了癌症。X射線祛毛診所直到20世紀中葉才消失。那時的政府不會像我們現在所預想的那樣採取行動。反而是報紙上報道的個人對X射線的恐慌故事，讓羣衆意識覺醒，使得X射線服務銷聲匿跡。

-Infested Wigs

8.經常被老鼠光顧的假髮

Voluminous wigs became insanely popular in the 1800s. The more elaborate a wig, the more impressive the wearer's beauty. Royalty flaunted their status with flamboyant clothes and snazzy hair. There came a point at which lard was required to secure the wigs; they were simply too large to stand on their own.

19世紀，各式假髮成爲不可阻擋的潮流，假髮越是做工精緻，人就會被襯得越發漂亮。那時，皇室的人用華麗的服飾和時髦的假髮來顯擺他們高貴的身份。很重要的一點就是用豬油來護養假髮，因爲這些假髮自身過厚過長，如果不護理好就很難保持原有的形狀。

These hairpieces were attached to genuine hair and worn for weeks at a time. The lard wasn't washed out, so it attracted lice and dangerous rodents. Some women slept with cages around their wig to keep the creepy creatures out. However, not everyone owned a hair cage. Rats occasionally penetrated and nested in these wigs. In France, at the beginning of the 19th century, men's wigs were more intricate than women's. By the late 1800s, women were sporting hairpieces that towered a foot or higher above their heads. The weight sometimes caused inflammation around the temples.

人們會把假髮附在真發上，一次一個假髮戴好幾周。假髮上的豬油一直依附在上面不被洗去，因此會招來蝨子和一些危險的小型齧齒動物。一些女性睡覺時，會在自己假髮周圍放上幾個籠子，以防那些爬行生物跑到她們的假髮上。然而，並不是每個人都會放籠子，所以老鼠偶爾會潛入假髮甚至是在上面做窩。在19世紀初期的法國，男人的假髮比女人的複雜得多。直到19世紀末，還有女性在運動時戴着長度及腳或過頭的假髮。這些沉甸甸的假髮有時會誘發太陽穴周圍的炎症。

worms in the Tummy

7.肚子裏的減肥絛蟲

During the Victorian era, in the early 1900s, advertisers marketed pills that contained beef tapeworm cysts. Tapeworms would devour what the host ate, and the host would lose plenty of weight. Tapeworms may reach up to 30 feet long, though, and cause problems from headaches to dementia. Diarrhea and vomiting are also to be expected. An anti-parasitic pill was used to force the tapeworm out—often a more complicated process than might be imagined.

在20世紀初的維多利亞時代，廣告商在市場上推銷着含有牛肉絛蟲囊的藥丸。絛蟲可以吞食人吃進肚子裏的食物，這樣一來，就可以達到體重大幅度減輕的效果。絛蟲可以生長到30英尺長，不過，它也會誘發一些疾病，輕則頭痛，重則癡呆，還可能會出現腹瀉、嘔吐的症狀。一顆抗寄生藥可將絛蟲排出體外，這個過程通常比你想象的複雜。

As it turns out, the tapeworm diet of the early 20th century may be a rumor. Its legitimacy is still debated today. The advertisements certainly existed, but we can't scientifically verify the content of the pills. More recently, however, a woman in Iowa swallowed a tapeworm to lose weight. She reportedly bought it over the internet. Websites are promoting the tapeworm diet in the modern day. One tapeworm won't make much of a difference, but that single worm can reproduce in the body, leading to both weight loss and serious health issues.

出現在20世紀早期的絛蟲節食法可能就只是個謠傳而已，它的合理性在今天仍備受爭議。關於它的廣告也確實存在，但是我們並不能科學地核實這個絛蟲藥的成分。然而，最近，一位在愛荷華的女士爲了減肥吞下了一條絛蟲。據報道，她是在網上買的，在這個現代化的時代，互聯網促進了絛蟲節食法的傳播。一條絛蟲不會有很大影響，但是就那一條小蟲卻可以在身體裏不斷繁殖出很多絛蟲，最後體重減輕的同時也造成了嚴重的健康問題。

Foundation

6.含鉛粉底

The history of lead foundation dates back to the Greek and Roman empires. Lead was also used in items from pipes to drinking vessels. Lead poisoning was likely widespread and contributed to the low birth rate. Let's fast forward to the 1500s. Women of the Elizabethan era combined lead with vinegar to create 'Venetian ceruse' or 'Spirits of Saturn'. A white complexion was highly sought-after, as it was considered the height of beauty. They applied egg whites to add shine. Even as recently as the 1900s, Japanese and Chinese infants regularly died from ingesting cosmetic lead worn by their mothers. Lead is absorbed through the skin. Poisoning may cause hair loss, weight loss, pain, brain damage, organ damage, paralysis, and a variety of other symptoms. When used in foundation, lead causes skin to wrinkle and scar. Historically, this problem was remedied by applying more poisonous foundation to cover the damage.

含鉛粉底的歷史源流可以追溯到古希臘、古羅馬時代。從各種管道到飲用器皿，鉛還被廣泛用於各種物品中。因而鉛中毒十分普遍，並由此導致了低生育率。讓我們按下快進鍵，隨時光飛奔到16世紀，也就是伊麗莎白女王一世時期。這個時期有人將鉛和醋酸化合得到的碳酸鉛作爲皮膚增白劑加入化妝品中。而女性們以白爲美，十分推崇白皙的妝容。她們甚至爲了增加皮膚光澤度常用雞蛋白按摩臉部。直至20世紀初期，嬰兒因母體使用含鉛的化妝品而攝入鉛過量，最終夭折的現象，在中國和日本還時常發生。鉛可以通過皮膚被人體吸收。鉛中毒會導致頭髮脫落、體重減輕、莫名疼痛、大腦損傷、器官病變、中風癱瘓甚至許許多多的其他併發症。長期使用鉛超標的粉底會導致皮膚產生皺紋和疤痕，而最要命的是，要遮蓋這種瑕疵又得使用更多的粉底，於是形成了惡性循環，周而復始，損傷肌體。

翻譯:哈利小王子 來源：前十網