全世界最大的5個非法產業!圖)
The $125 million theft of five paintings by artists like Picasso and Matisse from the Museum of Modern Art in Paris in May caught the attention of the world. But compared with the total annual trade in illicit goods, the heist was small change.
五月份，畢加索、馬蒂斯等人五幅總值1.25億美元的畫作在巴黎現代藝術館失竊的報道引起了全世界的關注。但相比全球違法交易的總額，這次失竊物品的價值只是區區小數目罷了。
According to estimates from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the business of buying and selling stolen art is about a $6 billion racket worldwide. Trade in illegal drugs, by contrast, is estimated to be in the neighborhood of maybe $300 billion, making it the world's biggest illicit activity. The trafficking of cocaine, marijuana, heroin and other drugs has continued to frustrate the efforts of governments around the world. It has created a massive industry and political problem, financing violent groups like the Taliban and drug cartels that currently threaten the stability of important countries like Afghanistan and Mexico. The destabilizing effects of battling the drug trade can be seen most recently in Jamaica, where an entire nation has been swept up in violence as the government tried to seize drug lord Christopher Coke.
根據聯邦調查局的推算，全世界範圍內失竊藝術品的買賣總額高達60億美元。相比之下，非法毒品的交易額達到3000億美元，同時成就了全世界最大的非法交易活動。可卡因、大麻、海洛因以及其他毒品的走私繼續打擊着全球政府的努力。毒品走私形成了巨大的產業，帶來嚴重的政治問題，爲塔利班這樣的毒品巨頭提供資金，而這些組織都影響着阿富汗、墨西哥等重要國家的穩定。打擊毒品交易所帶來的不穩定因素最近在牙買加最爲突出：牙買加全國都因政府追捕毒梟克里斯多夫·可卡（Christopher Coke）的行動而陷入暴力混亂。
But it's not the only criminal enterprise raking in billions of dollars a year. The world's biggest illicit industries continue to grow by circumventing national laws and regulations, and taking advantage of new international networks and technologies. This dark side of globalization has generated huge profits and political instability. The exact size of these industries can be estimated only vaguely, but their scope and impact cannot be denied.
但這不是躋身十億美元俱樂部的唯一犯罪產業。一些全球最大的非法產業通過避開國內法律法規、利用新的國際網絡與技術而不斷擴張。全球化的陰暗面給他們帶來鉅額利潤，也帶來了政治動盪。此類產業的確切規模只能大致估摸，但他們的覆蓋面以及影響力絕對不容忽視。
Counterfeiting
僞造
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2009 said the international trade in counterfeit and pirated goods increased to more than U.S. $250 billion, almost 2% of world trade, up from US$200 billion in 2007. The world is awash in fakes--from trademarks like Nike ( NKE - news - people ) to copyrighted music and high-tech invention like pharmaceuticals or computer chips. The World Customs Organization guesses that counterfeiting accounts for 5% to 7% of global merchandise trade.
經濟合作與發展組織在2009年表示，全球僞造與盜版產品的貿易額從2007年的2000億美元上升到2500億美元，幾乎佔了全球貿易總量的2%。全世界都浸泡在冒牌產品中——從冒牌Nike到版權所有的音樂，再到醫藥品以及電腦芯片這樣的高科技發明。世界貿易組織推測，僞造產品的貿易佔了全球商品貿易的5%--7%。
Oil Smuggling
石油走私
Shell last year estimated that as much as 100,000 barrels of oil are smuggled out of Nigeria each day--at the time some $1.6 billion annually. In Mexico, Pemex estimates it loses $700 million annually to petro thieves who tap into its pipelines. Texas oil men have pleaded guilty to conspiring to sell stolen Mexican oil. Most of the pirate attacks off the coast of Somalia or in the Malacca Strait involve oil tankers that are ransomed. A Council on Foreign Relations report suggests such piracy costs between $1 billion and $16 billion.
去年，殼牌公司估計，每天從尼日利亞走私出去的石油大約有10萬桶——換算成全年價值大約16億美元。在墨西哥， 墨西哥國家石油公司(Pemex)推測，每年因打入內部的石油盜竊犯而損失的石油價值7億美元。德克薩斯油販子已經承認，他們參與了出售從墨西哥盜竊的石油的犯罪活動。索馬里海岸線附近以及馬六甲海峽的大多數海盜襲擊都與劫持油輪、索要贖金有關。外交關係委員會的一份報告顯示， 這樣的海盜襲擊可能造成10億至160億美元的損失。
There are some 600 billion cigarettes smuggled worldwide each year, a $30 billion illicit industry, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Cigarettes are the world's most smuggled legal product. Much of this activity is a result of the vice taxes nations use to control the spread of addictive drugs that are legal. High taxation generates shadow markets in places ranging from Latin America to New York state.
根據聯合國毒品與犯罪問題辦公廳的數字來看，全球範圍內，每年非法走私的香菸大約爲6000億支，價值300億美元。香菸是全世界走私量最大的合法產品。大多數香菸走私都發生在副稅收入比例較高的國家，它們藉此來控制合法毒品的傳播。高額稅收滋生了黑市，從拉丁美洲到紐約州都不例外。
Human Trafficking
人口販賣
Interpol says human trafficking and illicit migration is a $28 billion enterprise. This sad business, broadly speaking, can take the form of modern slavery, sexual exploitation, or organ harvesting, destroying the lives of its victims and enriching brutal criminal groups. The victims are often trapped and forced to work as prostitutes or migrant workers. This illegal trade in human beings is one of the fastest growing criminal activities globally, U.N. Special Rapporteur Joy Ngozi Ezeilo said recently.
國際刑事警察組織表示，人口販賣以及非法移民產業的價值高達280億美元。總的來說，這個令人傷心的產業會在“現代文明”的掩護下，以奴隸、性剝削與活體器官摘取的形式出現，毀害受害者的生命，餵飽慘無人道的犯罪集團。受害者經常失去自由，被迫成爲妓女或移民工人。聯合國特別報告員Joy Ngozi Ezeilo最近表示，在全球範圍內，非法人口交易是增長最快的犯罪活動之一。
Cargo Theft
貨物盜竊
Cargo theft is as much as a $30 billion problem annually, according the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which points out it can include anything moved by truck or plane--tailored suits, frozen shrimp, computer chips, toilet paper. These are often non-violent thefts of goods in transit, but they can include sophisticated methods that often involve surveillance. The U.S., Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, India and the U.K. are the countries most at risk for cargo theft globally, according to FreightWatch International.
聯邦調查局稱，每年貨物盜竊造成的損失爲300億美元左右，其中包括一切由卡車或飛機裝運的貨物——女式西服，凍蝦，電腦芯片，甚至廁紙。這些偷竊行爲通常都是在運輸中以非暴力形式發生，但其中一些手法高明，常常對目標進行了監視。根據國際貨物監管公司（FreightWatch International）的估計，美國、墨西哥、巴西、南非、俄羅斯、印度和英國是全球貨物失竊率最高的國家。
Still, while the size and reach of global illicit industries can seem overwhelming, there are signs of hope. Law enforcement groups from around the world are learning to cooperate in the battle against international crime. Just this week seven people were arrested in Liberia in connection with a conspiracy to distribute more than $100 million of South American cocaine in Europe after the son of the president of Liberia worked undercover with U.S. drug agents.
儘管全球非法產業的規模越來越大，分佈越來越廣，我們依舊能夠看到希望。全球各執法機構正在學習合作對抗國際犯罪。本週，七名嫌疑犯在利比里亞遭到逮捕，他們被認爲參與了從南美向歐洲出口價值超過1億美元可卡因的犯罪行爲。嫌犯落網還要感謝利比里亞總統的兒子，他祕密與美國反毒探員合作參與了案件的偵破。
New technologies and regulatory procedures are being employed to crack down on all sorts of crime: Software that tracks money laundering, product tags that are used to identify stolen products, surveillance devices that spot bad guys. "There is a major role the private sector can play," says David Shillingford, founder of CargoNet and National Equipment Register, units of Verisk Analytics that build information databases of cargo and heavy equipment to solve and deter incidents of theft. "There is a recognition from private industry that they need to help themselves."
人們正在應用新的技術以及法規手段打擊各種犯罪：比如追蹤洗錢行爲的軟件，用以辨識失竊物品的商標，定位嫌犯的監視設備等。貨物與裝備註冊公司（CargoNet and National Equipment Register）的分析部門旨在建立貨物與重型裝備的數據庫，以便偵破或延緩貨物盜竊行爲，它的創立者David Shillingford表示：“私營部門能夠扮演一個很重要的角色，他們應該認識到自我救助的必要性。”
