北京拆除小店鋪和小企業治理“城市病”

Beijing has announced plans to combat “urban diseases” by capping its population and shrinking its footprint, wreaking havoc on the small businesses and migrants that throng its bustling streets.

北京政府公佈了通過爲人口設置上限和縮減城市建築面積對抗“城市病”的計劃，讓熙熙攘攘的北京街頭上充斥的小企業和外來務工人員遭遇一片混亂。

The Chinese capital will cap its population at 23m “long-term residents” by 2020 “and keep it at that level for the long term”, a city government notice said.

一則北京市政府通知表示，這個中國的首都將把人口上限設置爲到2020年以前“常住人口”在2300萬人以內，之後“長期穩定控制在2300萬人左右”。

The permanent population of Beijing’s central districts dropped by 353,000 last year, according to municipal data released last week. The capital’s official population is now close to 22m.

根據上週發佈的市政數據，去年北京中心地帶常住人口減少了35.3萬人。目前，北京人口官方數據接近2200萬人。

University campuses and secondary government bureaucracies are destined to move to industrial cities in Hebei, the smog-wreathed province that rings Beijing. Earlier this month the announcement that the country would build a “new Shenzhen” on rural wetlands south of Beijing set off a frenzy of property speculation.

多個大學校園和低級別政府部門已確定遷往河北省的多個工業城市。河北省是一個環繞北京的霧霾嚴重的省份。就在這個月早些時候，有關中國會在北京南面鄉下溼地打造“新深圳”的公告，引發了一輪瘋狂的房地產投機活動。

Within the capital, the campaign has translated into the destruction of small shops and businesses that make up 35 per cent of the city’s economy but only 7.5 per cent of its tax revenues, according to 2011 figures, the most recent available.

在北京城內，這場運動的表現就是拆除小店鋪和小企業。根據2011年的數據（這是能獲得的最近年頭的數據），這些小店鋪和小企業佔了北京經濟35%的比重，其納稅卻只佔北京稅收的7.5%。

“China has a large population and meeting all these people’s needs is hard,” said Jack Wang, who returned from Australia to set up a sandwich shop in Beijing because he thought China offered greater opportunity. “The government is looking for a good way to develop but not really considering the interests of small businesses.”

在北京開三明治店的傑克?王(Jack Wang)表示：“中國人口衆多，很難滿足所有人的需求。政府正在尋找發展的好辦法，卻沒有真正考慮小企業的利益。”傑克從澳大利亞回國，在北京開三明治店，是因爲他認爲中國提供了更大的機遇。

Officially, China still encourages the integration into cities of hundreds of millions of people still residing in the countryside. China 2030, a World Bank paper endorsed by premier Li Keqiang, posits urbanisation as the engine that will transform the economy away from low-end manufacturing.

理論上說，中國仍然鼓勵把數以億計居住在農村的人們整合進城市。曾得到中國總理李克強背書的世界銀行(WB)報告《2030年的中國》(China 2030)，將城市化定位爲會令中國經濟擺脫低端製造業的發動機。

But migrants with a rural hukou, or household registration, are expected to settle in provincial cities or county seats, where a multiyear property bubble has left rows of empty apartment blocks. They are not so welcome in cities such as Beijing or Shanghai, where hospitals and schools are much better and higher incomes allow the service industry to flourish.

然而，政府卻希望持有農村戶口的外來務工人員遷往首都以外的城市或各個縣城。在這些城市中，持續多年的地產泡沫留下了一排排的空置公寓樓。而在北京或上海等城市，這些外來務工人員則不那麼受歡迎。這些城市的醫院和學校要好得多，更高的收入也令這裏的服務業興旺發達。

In the past two years Beijing has torn down wholesale markets and made it harder for children to attend school in order to force out migrant families. Its latest move restricts car sharing services to local drivers, decimating the pool of drivers for Uber partner Didi Chuxing.

過去兩年，北京拆除了批發市場，提高了兒童入學難度，以趕走外來務工家庭。而北京政府推出的最新舉措，則是將汽車分享服務限於北京本地司機，大大擠壓了優步(Uber)合作伙伴滴滴出行(Didi Chuxing)的專車司機人數。

“They needed us when Beijing was growing but now that it’s developed, they don’t want us any more,” said one woman who has lived in Beijing since she arrived as a 15-year-old nanny 23 years ago. The shop she ran profitably for 10 years was torn down this month.

一位婦女表示：“北京發展的時候他們需要我們。如今北京發達了，他們不再需要我們。”這位婦女23年前來北京當保姆時只有15歲，之後一直在北京定居。就在這個月，她運營了十年、盈利豐厚的店鋪被拆除。

In 2016 the capital tore down 30m square metres of small shops, restaurants and fruit stands deemed “illegal construction”. It is targeting the destruction of 40m sq m this year, shrinking the land zoned for construction to 2,760 sq km by 2030 while expanding parks and gardens.

2016年，北京市拆除了3000萬平米被視爲“非法建築”的小店鋪、飯館和水果攤點。今年北京市的目標是拆除4000萬平米建築，在擴建公園和花園的同時，將用於建築的土地在2030年以前縮減至2760平方公里。

Rents have climbed steeply in the remaining street-side properties, forcing shoppers and diners into expensive and soulless malls.

剩餘的街道兩旁物業的租金已急劇攀升，迫使商家和食客遷入昂貴而乏味的商業中心。

“Not everyone running a small business is an outsider. I am a Beijinger,” said the owner of a recently demolished British-style pub, who gave only her English name, Sherry. “If Beijing really wants to develop culture and the economy it needs to allow its special characteristics to survive.”

一位新近被拆除的英國式酒館的東家表示：“不是所有運營小企業的人都是外地人。我是北京人。如果北京真的希望發展文化和經濟，就必須允許保留其特色。”