英語考研必讀美文
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A brain chemical dubbed ‘ the hormone of love ’could encourage wallflowers to become more outgoing at social gatherings, a study shows. Now researchers have found it improves the social skills of the shy-but has little effect on those who are naturally confident. The finding could have implications for those with severe social deficiencies, often apparent in conditions like autism.
一種名叫“愛情荷爾蒙”的大腦刺激藥品能夠幫助害羞的人在社交場合“暢所欲言”。研究者發現，這個藥品改進了害羞的人的社交技巧，但是對那些“天生自信”的人卻“收效甚微”。研究發現，藥品對那些患有嚴重的社交缺陷的人療效明顯，比如：自閉症患者。
They conducted a test of 27 healthy adult men, giving them the hormone or a placebo via a nasal spray and then asking them to perform an‘empathetic accuracy task’. This involved watching others discussing emotional moments in their lives, then rating how they felt those people were feeling. The scientists, whose research is published in Psychological Science, also measured the participants’ social competency, using a test known as AQ which is usually used in autistic patients.
研究邀請了27 名健康男性，對他們進行了針對性測試。用噴霧給他們“注射”荷爾蒙，進而觀察在“強調準確性”的任務中的表現。他們觀察別人談論生活中激動人心的時刻，實驗再對他們就他人身上發生的事情的感受能力打分。研究還對參與者的“社會能力”進行了測試，測試中囊括了一種叫做“逆境商數”(AQ)的測驗。這種測驗通常用來測試自閉症患者。
The more socially comfortable participants performed well on the empathetic accuracy task regardless of whether they were on oxytocin or placebo, but less socially proficient participants performed significantly better on oxytocin, with their empathetic accuracy performance identical to that of the socially proficient participants. Prof Jennifer Bartz, of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, said: “Oxytocin is widely believed to make all people more empathic and understanding of others. Our study contradicts that. Instead, oxytocin appears to be helpful only for those who are less socially proficient. Our data show that oxytocin selectively improves social cognition in people who are less socially proficient, but had little impact on more socially proficient individuals.”
不管有沒有“催產素”，表現“自信”的人都在“同情心測試”中表現得很好，但是“不那麼自信”的人的表現卻顯著提升，甚至到達了和“自信”的人一樣的水平。西奈山醫院的詹妮弗·巴茨教授說：“人們普遍認爲‘催產素’能使人變得更加有同情心，更能理解別人。但是我們的研究與這種觀點不同。我們認爲“催產素”對那些社交能力不強的人很有效果。我們的數據顯示“催產素”可以選擇性地改善人們的社交認知能力，它對社交能力不強的人效果很好，但是對本身就很自信的人沒有什麼效果。
英語考研必讀美文：快餐無辜A study by academics from the University of California and Northwestern University claimed that “ the causal link between the consumption of restaurant foods and obesity is minimal at best.”
加利福尼亞大學和西北大學的一項研究發現“快餐食物和肥胖之間並沒有必然聯繫”。
It argued that a tax on high-calorie food, as proposed by many health campaigners in the US and Britain, may therefore not be an effective way for governments to tackle the problem.
在英國和美國，衆多的健康人士建議對高卡路里食物徵稅，但是這項研究卻表明這樣做也許並不是政府解決肥胖問題的有效途徑。
The study analyzed data compiled by the US Department of Agriculture on calorie intake around the country. It found that people living closer to restaurants were not significantly more likely to be obese than people living further away, indicating that easy access to restaurants had little effect.
該研究分析了由美國農業局統計的關於美國各個地區人們卡路里攝入量的數據。結果發現住在餐館附近的人並不比遠地方的人更加肥胖，這就意味着離快餐店近並不是造成肥胖的直接原因。
It also showed that while restaurant meals typically held more calories than home-produced food, many customers often offset this by eating less throughout the rest of the day.
該研究同時還表明雖然快餐食物通常含有比家裏自制的食物更高的卡路里，但是人們在吃完快餐食物之後往往會減少一天食物的攝入量，這樣副作用就抵消了。
Obese people who ate at restaurants, the study indicated,“also eat more when they eat at home.”
研究表明，在餐館吃飯的肥胖人士在自己家裏的時候往往也會吃得很多。
The US government estimates that about one in three Americans, or 100 million in total, are obese. Last month it was predicted that 75 percent of Americans would be overweight in 2020.
美國政府估計每一百個美國人中間就有一個肥胖者。上個月的一項調查預估到2020 年75%的美國人都會超重。
The problem is thought to cost Americans between $150 billion and $170 billion in annual medical costs.
肥胖問題每年都會花費美國政府1500 億到1700 億美元的醫療費用。
The study’s authors, Michael Anderson and David Matsa, wrote: “While taxing restaurant meals might cause bese consumers to change where they eat, our results suggest that a tax would be unlikely to affect their underlying tendency to overeat.”
該研究的作者，邁克爾·安德遜和大衛·麥莎寫到，“儘管向高卡路里食物徵稅可能改變人們的就餐地點，但是卻不能改變他們潛在的過度飲食的習慣。”
英語考研必讀美文：智能手機應用程序跟蹤心理健康Military service is notoriously rough on a service member ’s mental health. According to some estimates, 30 percent of service members develop some type of mental health issue within four months of returning home after deployment.
當兵對個人的心理健康會造成重大的負面影響。據估計，百分之三十的服兵役的人在退伍回家之後的四個月內會或多或少出現一些心理疾病。
The military is spending more money than ever to address mental health issues within the ranks, and their latest attempt is a smart phone application called the T2 MoodTracker application, which helps service members keep track of their mental health after deployments.
部隊現在正花大代價來解決軍人們的心理健康問題。他們最新推出了一個叫做T2 情緒追蹤器的智能手機應用軟件，這個軟件可以幫助退伍士兵時刻關注自己的心理健康問題。
The app works like a high-tech diary, allowing users to express emotions and behaviors that result from therapy, medication, daily experiences or changes happening at work or in the home.
這個軟件就好像是一本高科技日記，使用者可以把他們接受心理治療使用藥物之後的情感和行爲記錄下來，也可以記錄他們在工作和生活中經歷的一些事情。
The smart phone app isn ’t supposed to be a pocket therapist, though. It serves more as an extremely accurate and timely record of a service member’s mental health.
這款軟件並不能被當做一個“隨身攜帶的醫生”。它只是用來及時而準確地記錄退伍老兵的心理健康。
Perry Bosmajian is a psychologist with the National Center for TeleHealth and Technology, where this smart phone app was created. He says this smart phone app will yield much more accurate results on the psychological conditions of service members who have returned home.
皮埃爾·博斯馬吉安是這款軟件的設計者，他在國家遠程衛生和技術中心工作。他說這款軟件能夠詳細記錄下退伍士兵的心理健康狀況。
“Therapists and physicians often have to rely on patient recall when trying to gather information about symptoms over the previous weeks or months,” Bosmajian said. “Research has shown that information collected after the fact, especially about mood, tends to be inaccurate. The best record of an experience is when it’s recorded at the time and place it happens.”
“治療師和醫生都必須依靠病人的描述來獲取信息，判斷他們前幾個星期或者前幾個月裏出現的一些症狀”，博斯馬吉安說，“這些依靠回憶獲得的信息往往是不可靠的，特別是關於情緒的回憶。最好的辦法就是在情緒發生的時候將它準確地記錄下來。”
The app specifically tracks anxiety, depression, general well-being, life stress, post traumatic stress and brain injury. The daily expressions add up over time to produce a trend that can be observed by physicians and therapists.
這款軟件能夠詳細記錄下使用者的焦慮，抑鬱，幸福感，生活的壓力，創傷後的壓力和腦部損傷。這些每天記錄下來的信息日積月累就可以形成一條曲線，治療師和醫生可以參考這條曲線所反映的心理趨勢。
The app has been downloaded more than 5,000 times since it became available on the Android Market a year ago. The app should be available for iPhone users some time next year.
這款軟件一年前在Android 市場上發佈以來，已經被下載了5000 次。明年也許就可以在iPhone 上使用了。
英語考研必讀美文
