站在偉人背後的10位重要人物(下)

5.T.S. Eliot's Biggest Fan

5.托馬斯·斯特爾那斯·艾略特的死忠粉

Today, T.S. Eliot is one of the most famous poets of the 20th century, while Ezra Pound's works are only rarely read. But when the two met in 1914, Pound was far more popular and famous. Pound was a fan of Eliot's "The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock," which he described as "the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American." He soon took the younger man under his wing, forming one of the most unlikely friendships in literary history. Eliot was a somber and timid individual while Pound was an outrageously flamboyant troublemaker, an anti-Semite, and a fascist.

如今，艾略特已是20世紀最著名的一位詩人，而埃茲拉·龐德的著作卻鮮有人讀。但兩人於1914年相遇時，龐德比現在有名多了。當時，龐德非常喜歡艾略特的《普魯弗洛克的情歌》這首詩，他說，"這首詩太棒了，我在美國從來沒有讀過這樣的詩。"後來，他很快將艾略特收歸麾下，兩人在文學史上也留下了一段看似不可能的偉大友誼。艾略特性格憂鬱，膽小，而龐德則兇狠殘暴，總是製造事端，而且還是位反猶太主義者，擁護法西斯主義。

But Pound played a key role in Eliot's development, editing his work masterfully and arranging for it to be published in influential magazines. Pound even broke the news to Eliot's parents that their son was abandoning his career to become a poet. Without Pound, Eliot's masterpiece "The Waste Land" might still be known as "He Do The Police In Different Voices."In fact, Pound had a habit of mentoring promising young authors who later became famous, helping to popularize everyone from Ernest Hemingway to James Joyce. Hemingway estimated that Pound spent only a fifth of his time on his own work, dedicating the rest to helping his friends: "He defends them when they are attacked, he gets them into magazines and out of jail. He loans them money. He sells their pictures. He writes articles about them. He introduces them to wealthy women. He gets publishers to take their books . . . And in the end a few of them refrain from knifing him at the first opportunity." Hemingway himself refrained from knifing Pound until the depths of his deranged anti-Semitism became clear during World War II, causing the author to declare his former friend "obviously crazy. He deserves punishment and disgrace but what he really deserves most is ridicule."

但是對於艾略特作品的發行，龐德也發揮了重大的作用：熟練地幫他編輯作品，聯繫有影響力的雜誌社並安排出版。龐德甚至向艾略特的父母透露，艾略特打算辭職當詩人。如果沒有龐德，艾略特的大作《荒原》可能只叫做He Do The Police In Different Voices 這樣讓你陌生的名字。事實上，龐德經常指導有前途的年輕作家，從歐內斯特·海明威到詹姆斯·喬伊斯，都曾在他的幫助下成名。海明威曾估計，龐德只將自己五分之一的精力用在自己的工作上，而其他時間都在幫助朋友。海明威說："在朋友受到攻擊時，他挺身而出；他助其成名，免除牢獄之災。不僅借錢給朋友，幫他們賣畫，還爲他們撰文。他還將他們介紹給貴婦，更是請出版商爲他們出書……但是最後，卻只有幾個人選擇不中傷他。"直到二戰期間，龐德瘋狂的反猶太人意識深入骨髓，表現得也愈加明顯，海明威自己也不得不公開聲稱，他這位曾經的好友已經"明顯就是瘋了……他的作爲讓人感到羞恥，他就應該受到懲罰，而且最應該受到大家的奚落。"

gerald And Hemingway

4.菲茨傑拉德和海明威

Pound wasn't the only one to champion Hemingway during his early years. Arguably the greatest American writer in history might have remained completely unknown if not for the efforts of his friend and fellow author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The two first met in 1925, when Fitzgerald was already an acclaimed author and Hemingway was just a journalist with a handful of short stories and poems to his name. They quickly became close friends and Fitzgerald introduced Hemingway to his famous editor, Max Perkins.

海明威出名前，龐德並不是唯一一個支持他的人。這位歷史上極富爭議而又偉大的美國作家如果沒有他的好友作家斯科特·菲茨傑拉德不遺餘力的幫助，可能至今都默默無聞。兩位作家於1925年初次相遇，當時菲茨傑拉德已經功成名就，而海明威還只是個記者，只創作了些短篇故事和詩作。他們的友情很快進入"蜜月期"，後來菲茨傑拉德把海明威介紹給了他那位著名的編輯——麥克斯·珀金斯。

The biggest help Fitzgerald offered Hemingway was editing his breakthrough work The Sun Also Rises, a novel about a dissolute group of American expatriates drifting from Paris to a bullfight in Spain. Perkins thought Hemingway's first draft was unpublishable and Fitzgerald agreed, writing a detailed 10-page critique of the book's "careless and ineffectual" aspects. He was particularly scathing about the opening chapter, declaring that "when so many people can write well [and] the competition is so heavy I can't imagine how you could have done these first 20 pages so casually." To his credit, Hemingway took the advice, cutting the first 16 pages of the book entirely and making substantial revisions elsewhere. However, he lied about the issue in his posthumously published memoir A Moveable Feast, which claims that Fitzgerald never saw the book until the final draft was with the publisher.

菲茨傑拉德對海明威最大的幫助就是爲他編校了《太陽照常升起》，這部鉅著講述了一羣放浪形骸的美國戰後流亡青年從巴黎到西班牙參加鬥牛節，之後引發了一系列愛恨糾葛的故事。珀金斯認爲海明威的初稿不值得出版，菲茨傑拉德對此也無異議。菲茨傑拉德就此書寫了一封非常詳盡，長達10頁的批判稿，批判了書中出現的冗雜無用之處。他尤其嚴肅認真地批判了這本小說的第一章，並說道："很多人都可以把這部分寫得非常好，現在競爭如此激烈，我沒想到你竟然如此敷衍地寫完了前20頁。"菲茨傑拉德的這種做法讓海明威深感欽佩，他接受了建議，將書中的前16頁內容全部刪掉，在其他地方也做了大量的修改。然而在他死後出版的回憶錄《流動的盛筵》中對於此事卻撒謊，聲稱菲茨傑拉德從沒看過這本書，直到最終版本給了出版商後，他纔看到。

American Who Fought For Castro

3.爲卡斯特羅而戰的美國人

Besides Che Guevara and the Castro brothers, we're largely unfamiliar with the people who fought against the brutal Cuban regime of Fulgencio Batista. Which is a shame, considering that we're missing out on such amazing figures as William Alexander Morgan, the American who fought with Castro.

除了切·格瓦拉和卡斯特羅兄弟，我們對於反對古巴富爾亨西奧·巴蒂斯塔獨裁政權的其他勇士一無所知。多麼遺憾！我們竟然忘記了一位非常出色的人物——威廉·亞歷山大·摩根，這位與卡斯特羅一同戰鬥的美國人。

Born in 1928, Morgan left home as a teenager and joined the army at 18. After spending five years in jail for deserting, he got married and began running errands for the Mafia. In the 1950s, he became involved in smuggling guns to the revolutionaries fighting to overthrow Batista. Quickly becoming a believer in their cause, he joined their fight in 1957. Soon, Morgan rose through the ranks to become a comandante, a title only granted to one other foreigner, a certain Che r the fall of Batista in 1959, Morgan arrived in Havana to chants of "Americano!" Although staunchly anti-Communist, he initially remained loyal to Fidel Castro, who was not openly Marxist at that time. When he was offered a million dollars to turn against Castro, he played along, broadcasting the sounds of a fake uprising to lure a squad of Dominican invaders into an ambush. But when Fidel began to display socialist leanings, he turned against him for real, arranging to smuggle weapons to a new rebel group opposing Castro. He was caught and executed in 1961.

摩根出生於1928年，少年時期便離家外出，18歲時參軍。後來因爲逃跑，被判坐牢5年。出獄後，他便成家，開始爲黑手黨跑腿。20世紀50年代時，他開始走私槍械，把槍械賣給要推翻巴蒂斯塔政權的武裝革命分子。很快他也成了革命的忠實擁護者，1957年，他也加入了這場革命。摩根一步一步從最底層被提拔爲指揮官，而這一頭銜只授予過另一個外國人——切·格瓦拉。1959年，巴蒂斯塔政權被推翻以後，摩根曾到哈瓦那市歡頌"美國萬歲"的口號。摩根是反共主義擁護者，而當時卡斯特羅並沒有公開自己信奉馬克思主義，所以他仍然效忠於卡斯特羅。多明尼反叛者曾經賄賂摩根一百萬美元，讓他背叛卡斯特羅，他佯裝同意，廣泛散播消息說他要起兵反抗，引誘這羣反叛者陷入圈套。但是當卡斯特羅開始出現共產主義傾向時，摩根便真正與卡斯特羅背道而馳，他又開始走私槍支，賣給那些反對卡斯特羅的新武裝叛變份子。1961年摩根被捕，處以極刑。

ton Churchill's Father Figure

2.溫斯頓·丘吉爾如父般的長輩

Born in Ireland, William Bourke Cockran came to the US at the age of 17. Settling in New York, he became an eminent attorney, served five terms in Congress, and was widely declared the greatest public speaker of his time. His skills as an orator were so good Churchill himself described him as the best speaker he had ever heard, declaring that he had "never seen his like, or in some respects his equal."

威廉·伯克·科克蘭出生於愛爾蘭，17歲時移民美國。在紐約定居後，他成爲一名出色的律師，在國會任期五年，並被稱爲當時最偉大的演說家。他的演講技巧非常高超，就連丘吉爾也稱讚科克蘭是他見過最棒的演說家，他說他"從未見過能與科克蘭相比的人，或者某些方面能達到他的水平的人。"

Cockran apparently had a brief relationship with Churchill's mother after the death of her husband, and they remained close friends. When Churchill was a young man, he decided to visit the US and Cockran agreed to put him up in his luxurious New York townhouse. Cockran eventually became something of a father figure to Churchill, advising and mentoring him in the art of public speaking. Under Cockran's tutelage, Churchill began to take an interest in politics and began emulating Cockran's delivery pattern when addressing audiences. Churchill's early political and economic views were also modeled on Cockran's. Six years later, Churchill was elected to Parliament and became known for his own speaking skills.

科克蘭顯然在丘吉爾的父親去世後與丘吉爾的母親有過短暫的戀愛關係，在那之後，他們的關係仍然很親密。丘吉爾年輕時，決定去美國走走，而科克蘭則在他那所豪華的紐約市政廳內接待了丘吉爾。於丘吉爾而言，科克蘭後來充當了他父親的角色，爲他的演說提供意見以及指導。在科克蘭的指導和影響下，丘吉爾開始對政治感興趣，並且在面對觀衆時開始模仿科克蘭的講演模式。丘吉爾早期的政治和經濟見解都從科克蘭那裏有跡可循。六年之後，丘吉爾進入國會，開始以自己的演講技巧而聞名。

Other Oracle

1.另一位隱形股神

Regarded by many as the most successful investor of the 20th century, Warren Buffett, the "Oracle of Omaha," is regularly ranked among the richest people in the world. But a big part in Buffett's success story belongs to his little-known friend, Charlie Munger. The two have been friends for almost 60 years and Munger has served as Buffett's second-in-command for the last 37. In a neat twist, Munger's first job was actually working for Buffet's grandfather at $1.98 an hour, although he didn't meet the younger Warren until years later.

沃倫·巴菲特作爲20世紀最成功的投資商，受到衆人的膜拜，他被稱爲"奧馬哈股神"，是世界富豪排行榜上的常客。但是巴菲特的成功很大一部分歸因於一位不知名的朋友——查理·芒格。兩位的友誼已經持續了將近60年，而芒格也當了巴菲特的副手37年。然而芒格的第一份工作其實是爲巴菲特的爺爺打工，每小時只有1.98美元，工作了很多年後，他才認識了年輕時的巴菲特。

Before meeting Munger, Buffett followed the investing philosophy of his mentor, Benjamin Graham, who believed in buying underpriced assets and quickly selling them when their true value became apparent. This netted Buffett a huge fortune in his early years, but Munger wasn't convinced it was the best way forward. Instead, he argued in favor of paying a fair price for good companies and then holding on to them as they grew, trusting that the long-term yields would justify the initial investment. It required patience and good management, but Munger argued that over time the profit margins would be even greater than Graham's short-term buy-to-sell strategy. Buffet found Munger's ideas strange at first, but eventually came to embrace them, writing that "it took a powerful force to move me on from Graham's limiting views. It was the power of Charlie's mind. He expanded my horizons." Munger's philosophy eventually yielded huge results, helping to turn Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway into one of the largest conglomerates in the world.

認識芒格之前，巴菲特信奉的是他的導師——本傑明·格雷厄姆的投資哲學，格雷厄姆認爲買進被低估的資產，然後在這些資產的價值初步展現時迅速賣出。這讓巴菲特在早些年賺了很大一筆錢，但是芒格則不認爲這種哲學可以一勞永逸。相反，他支持以平價買下一家前景不錯的公司，然後等着這家公司發展，他相信長期的投資效益可以證明最初的投資是正確的。這雖然要求耐心以及良好的管理，但是芒格認爲時間長了，獲得的利潤空間要比格雷厄姆理論獲得的利潤大得多。起初，巴菲特認爲芒格的想法太奇怪了，但是最終還是接受了這些想法，他曾寫道："把我從格雷厄姆那侷限的理論中拉出來需要極其強大的力量，而這股力量就是查理的思想。他讓我的眼界更開闊。"芒格的理論最終爲巴菲特帶來了巨大的好處，它使巴菲特的伯克希爾·哈撒韋公司成爲世界上最大的一家企業集團。

翻譯：晃晃 來源：前十網