雙語科技百科(化學) 第43期:漆器

Lacquerware漆器Chinese ancestors began to make lacquerware about 7,000 years ago.中國人早在7000年前就開始製作漆器。In 1978, red lacquer bowls and tubes of the Hemudu Cutture were found in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. According to scientific analysis, the coatings are natural lacquers.1978年在距今7000年前的浙江餘姚河姆渡文化遺址中發現了朱漆碗和朱漆筒，經過科學分析，其塗料為天然漆。After the Xia Dynasty, the variety of lacquerware increased, and the craft flou-rished for five centuries starting in the Warring States Period from 475 B. 221 B. scale of lacquerware production had already become very large in the Warring States Period. Lacquerware was one of the main economic resources of the time, and there were specific offcials in charge of its production.夏代之後，漆器品種漸多，在戰國時期，漆器業獨領風騷，形成長達5個世紀的空前繁榮。戰國時漆器生產規模已經很大，被國家列入重要的經濟收入來源，並設專人管理。According to historical records, the ancient Chinese sage of Zhuang Zi used to be an officer in charge of lacquerware uerware was very expen-sive. The production process was verlt complicated, necessitating a strong work force and long working hours. It came in many varied forms and was widely used for furniture, utensils, stationan,r, art works, musical instruments, funeral goods and weapons. The nobles moved their attention from bronzeware to lacquerware because the latter was bright, light, easy to clean, had heat insulation and corro-sion resistant qualities and could be inlaid and painted with many colors.據記載，莊子年輕時曾經做過管理漆業的小官。漆器生產工序複雜，耗工耗時，漆器品種又特別繁多，不僅用於裝飾傢俱、器皿、文具和藝術品，而且還應用於樂器、喪葬用具、兵器等。這時的漆器很昂貴，新興的諸侯不再熱衷於青銅器，而把興趣轉向光亮、潔淨、易洗、體輕、隔熱、耐腐、嵌飾彩繪五光十色的漆器。Lacquerware was, however, usually coated blcrck and decorated with red de-signs or coated red and decorated with black designs. About 220 lacquerware ob-jects were unearthed in Zeng Houyi’s Tomb in Hubei Province. They are the earliestand most superb lacquerware of the Chu Kingdom of the Warring States uerware items, including clothing storage boxes, which were unearthed in the tomb are richly varied, of large size and simple style; they reflect the charm of the culture of the Chu designs on some of the boxes make them very valuable. In the center of one is a zhuan calligraphy character, meaning a star,surrounded by the names, also in zhuan characters, of the phases of the moon in a the lwo ends are designs of a blue dragon and a white box is a rare relic of great value for research into anaent Chinese astronomy as it is the earliest written record of the moon phases yet found in China.漆器一般髹朱飾黑，或髹黑飾朱，以優美的圖案在器物表面構成一個綺麗的彩色世界。在湖北曾侯乙墓出土的漆器有220多件。這些漆器是楚墓中年代最早也是最為精彩的，而且品類全，器型大，風格古樸，這些精美的漆器體現了楚文化的神韻。其中有幾件衣箱蓋上所繪的圖案非常有價值。一個箱蓋的中心有一個篆文“鬥”字，用粗筆寫成。圍繞“鬥”字，是一圈二十八宿的古代名稱，也是篆文，字跡清晰。箱蓋兩端繪有首尾對置的青龍、白虎的影象。這是研究我國古代天文學史的一件珍貴文物。Some lacquerware was painted with fairy example, the ancient Chi-nese tale ofHou Yi Shootin,g the Sun,WOS painted on a black coated and red design clothing room-shaped and colored clouds and lwo twisting double head-ed snakes with human faces form the the lwo sides are two trees,the tall one with ii branches and the short one with the tip of each branch is a circle radiating brilliant light, symbolizing the sun. Belween the two trees, a man shoots an arrow at a bird on the tall tree. The story demonstrates mankind’s successful battle against nature.一些漆器上繪有一些有趣的神話故事。在一件刻有紫錦紋衣箱的箱蓋上，繪有“后羿射日”的故事，黑地朱紋，有蘑菇狀的彩雲和兩條雙頭人面蛇互相纏繞，兩側有一高一低的樹，高樹上有1 1個枝權，矮樹有9個枝權，每個枝權梢頭都繪有一個放射光芒的圓圈，兩樹之間一人正用箭射下高樹上的一隻鳥。原來這是“后羿射日”的故事，是人與自進行鬥爭，以人最後勝利告終的美麗神話。Han Dynasty lacquerware mainly used black and red the painted de-sign of one piece, there are 90 immortals, and birds and beasts with different pos-tures and immortals are dancing with their long sleeves waving in the air, sitting quietly with their chins in their hands, or shooting arrows with con-centrcrted expressions. The animals being hunted are tuming their heads in panic and running swiftly away. Beautiful pattems of dragons, phoenixes, leaves,grass, cloud and various other things were drawn on the lacquerware objects to add to their elegance. Lacquerware reached its heyday in the Han Dynasty and more lacquerware products emerged. These included boxes, plates, earrings,bowls, baskets, trunks, rulers, kettles, chessboards and stools. Meanwhile,many new craffing techniques and decorative methods were also developed.漢代漆器也是以黑紅為主色。有一幅畫面上出現90個形態各異、生動活潑的仙人和鳥獸。仙人之中，有的揮動著長袖翩翩起舞，有的托腮靜坐，若有所思，有的拉弓射箭，千鈞一髮，獵物驚恐回首，匆忙飛奔。龍紋和風紋都是裝飾性的，並加以陶索紋、菱格紋、花瓣紋、草葉紋、雲紋等。造型優美，圖案華麗。漢代是漆器的鼎盛時期。漆器的品種又增加了盒、盤、耳環、碟、碗、筐、箱、尺、唾壺、棋盤、凳子。同時，還開創了多種新的工藝技法和裝飾手法。The patterns on the lacquerware are simple lines or complicated pictures, de-pending on the items different functions. The contrast belween the black and red colors creates a speaal artistic effect. The black and red pictures on the lacquer-ware present a mysterious and ever-changing fairy world inhabited by human be-ings and immortals.漆器圖案根據不同的器物，以粗率簡練的線條或繁褥複雜的構圖表現，增強人或動物的動感與為度。黑紅互置的色彩產生光亮、優美的特殊效果。在紅與黑交織的畫面上，形成富有音樂感的瑰麗多彩的藝術風格，展現了一個人神共在，奇偉譎詭、流動飛揚、變幻神奇的神話般的世界。