英語寫作中的常見誤區與克服方法
寫作在英語學習中是培養和提高語言能力的有效手段，它有助於鞏固和掌握所學詞彙、語法等語言知識，有助於訓練直接用所學語言進行思維，有利於提高駕馭語言的能力。英語寫作中的常見誤區有哪些呢?又有什麼克服方法呢？
通常說來，重複是語言之大忌(當然作爲修辭手段的重複例外)，幾乎所有的語言都力求簡練、簡潔，避免單調乏味、拖泥帶水。而在作爲外語的英語寫作中我們經常發現，對一個詞、詞組、句子結構、概念等的漫不經心和無可奈何的重複現象屢見不鮮，致使語言顯得冗長、累贅。通過對高中生和大學生的部分作文加以分析，我們可以將這種不當或不必要的重複分爲以下兩種類型：語言形式上的重複和語言信息的冗餘。
語言形式上的重複是指在文章中反覆使用同一個詞、詞組或句子結構;所謂語言信息的冗餘是指某一信息點以同一種或不同形式反覆出現。在此僅舉一例加以說明：在一篇 “Who Is Your Idol”的調查報告中，學生這樣寫道：The other day, we did a survey on “Who Is Your Idol”. Boys and girls have different opinionson it . 接下來寫道：50% of the girls choose film stars and TV stars as their idols while 48% of the boys choose sports stars as their idols. 上述描寫中的黑體字choose 重複就屬於前者，而其它的黑體字部分就屬於後者。
筆者就此問題在學生中進行了廣泛的調查，通過細緻的研究與分析，將這類錯誤的原因歸納如下：一是學生的語言量不足，語言貧乏;二是學生出於自己理解與表達習慣及某種程度上的漢語干擾而導致的有效避免這類重複的主觀意識不強，寫作時隨意表達的成分過重。鑑於上述原因，筆者認爲在具體的教學、指導與訓練中，應根據英語中有效避免不必要的重複的兩種常見手段，從以下幾個方面着手加以改進：
一. 替代：替代是英語中最常用的有效避免重複的方法與手段，主要包括以下幾個方面：
一)同義詞和同義句型的使用：
英語中存在着大量的同義詞和表達同類內容的不同句型，這就爲有效避免重複提供了物質條件，使避免重複成爲可能。比如表達意見和看法的詞有think, consider, find, feel等等;句型有think that…, thinkconsider it +adjn (to dothat…)等等。這類表達方式在各種教材中都有大量的經典範例。現以人教版高三英語爲例加以說明：
1.1)There are many different varieties of bee.
2)Among the different kinds of bee, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most….
2.1)After working with bees for many years, Professor von Frisch was puzzled by something again and again.
2) It repeated these circles over and over again .
3) It kept repeating the “steps” over and over.
3.1) Things were clear now. It was evident that the circle dance told the bees about the location of the feeding place. It was also apparent that the wagging dance sent another message about the feeding place.
2) So another astonishing fact came to light.
以上三組例句選自於人教版高三英語第三冊第十四單元“The Language of the Honey-bees”，不難看出其中的黑體字部分就是通過同義詞的使用而有效的避免了不必要的重複。
le react to advertisements in different ways. Some people find ads useful and entertaining; others think that they are annoying. Defenders of ads say that ads help us make informed choices as consumers by introducing good quality products. On the other hand, critics sometimes accuse companies of using ads to mislead us by making us believe that a certain product is better than it really is or that we will be happier if we buy it.
仔細閱讀人教版第五單元“Advertising”中的這段文字，我們可以發現作者在表達不同的意見和看法時，除了使用近義詞如find，think，say，accuse的手段避免了重複外，句型結構的變化也是很值得研究和借鑑的，如find ads useful，think that，accuse companies of…。
二)代詞替代：即用代詞替代上文或下文中出現的名詞、詞組或句子：
slation from English to Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.(英譯 漢不如英譯 法容易) (用that替代前文中的translation)。
still have many failings . We are not afraid to admit them and are determined to get rid ofthem. (我們的毛病 還很多。我們不怕說出自己的毛病 ，我們一定要改正自己的毛病 。)(用them替代failings)
3.Ours is still a very poor country . (我們的國家現在還是一個很窮的國家。)(用ours替代後文中的country。)
上述情況英漢兩種語言存在着較大差異，重複是漢語常用的手段，而英語中則常用代詞替代。學生寫作時往往容易受漢語的干擾而犯簡單機械性重複的錯誤。
三)名詞替代：常見的名詞替代主要指表示“種”與“類”的名詞之間的替代關係。如：
The cattle became tired and weak. The animals dragged their legs, too weak to pull their burden, and their tongues hung out in desperate need of water. Yet, our water supply was so low that we dared not share it with the beasts .
上述例句中，animals(動物)是“種”概念，beast(獸，尤指四足獸)是“類”概念，是animal的一種;而cattle(牛)也是“類”概念，是beast中的一類。
四)動詞替代;即用代動詞do、do thisitthat、do so、so do I 、Neither do I 等代替前文中的謂語動詞。如：
ver, we actually learn a foreign language much faster than we do our mother tongue.
2. …in other words, you were studying the language all day long ! You did this for five years,…
3. You should help him since you have promised to do so .
promised us that he would do his best to help us, and he did .
don`t want to go to the cinema tonight, neither do I.
6.I like reading novels, so does he.
五)分句性替代：即用so或not來替代that從句或與if連用替代上文中某一句的內容。如：
le believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so , but I believe not .
2.I`ll probably see you on Sunday; if not , it will be Monday.
3. Does the President intend to go to Moscow? And if so , when?
二：省略：省略是英語中的又一種常見的有效避免重複的重要手段，其種類繁多，用法靈活，概括起來主要包括以下幾個類型：
一)句法省略：英語中的由when、while、whenever、till、until、once等引導的時間狀語從句、if、unless等引導的條件狀語從句、although、though、no matter wh及wh+ever等引導的讓步狀語從句中都有大量的省略句。只要主從複合句中主語是一致的或從句爲it is necessary, it is possible，且從句中的謂語部分含有be動詞，我們就能將從句中的主語和謂語部分的be動詞予以省略。如：
(he was) at college , he often went to the library.
2. While (you are) crossing the street , look out for cars.
3. You can turn to him for help when (it is) necessary .
4. Don`t leave unlessuntil (you are) told to .
5. Even if all professors in universities and research institutes could devote all their time to the study of nature, their contribution, although important , would still be quite small.
6. …each contribution----no matter how small ----can help make a difference.
二)上下文省略：這是英語口語和書面語中都非常普遍而又極其重要的省略原則，根據上下文，在意義清楚不至於產生歧義或誤解的前提下，我們通常將下文中重複的部分予於省略。如：
is hotter in Nanjing than in Shanghai.(從句中主系表全部省略，只保留地點狀語。)
英語中的比較狀語從句中經常使用省略結構。
2. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (省略了後兩句中的are。)
will go to Africa for their holidays, but I don`t know when .(從句內容全部省略。)
由wh+引導的賓語從句和表語從句，在上下文意義明確的情況下，通常將從句的內容全部省略，只保留連接詞wh+。
4. I didn`t expect to see you in this state, any more than you me.( 省略了didn`t expect)
5. I will do all I can to help you. (省略了do)
6. When I arrived at the station, I looked around but saw nobody. (根據上下文，將looked around用作不及物的短語動詞，避免了重複使用the station。)
有效避免重複，力求語言簡練是語言表達的一條基本原則，它普遍適用於口語和書面語的各種文體。其手段靈活多樣，本文只是略舉幾例加以說明，遠遠不能涵蓋所有內容，語言學習者只有在具體的語言使用過程中通過不斷的學習、反思、總結、運用，纔可能真正掌握並熟練運用這些原則與技巧，最終提高自己的語言表達水平和語言運用能力。
