雅思閱讀真題重點推薦：Otters水獺
做好雅思的閱讀題除了掌握對的方法，也離不開我們日常的辛勤練習，下面小編給大家帶來雅思閱讀真題重點推薦：Otters水獺，一起加油吧！
雅思閱讀真題重點推薦：Otters水獺
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
A)Otters are scmiaqualic (or in the case of the sea otter, aquatic) monirnals. rHiey ure mi'inbers of the Mustelid family which includes badgers, polecats, martens, weasels, stoats an have inluibited the earth for the last 30 million years and over the years have undergone subtle changes to the carnivore bodies to exploit the rich aquatic environment. Otters have long liiin body and short legs~ideal for pushing dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and 30 pounds. Females are smaller, around 16 pounds typically. The Eurasian otter nose is about ihc smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shidlow "W" otter's tail (or rudder, or stern) is stoul at tlie base and tapers towards the tip where il flattens. ITiis forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Oder fur consists of iwo types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and undcrfiir which is dense and fine，equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear. The fur must he kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water gets in the fur. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts ofT in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.
B) Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger. Otterine sense of smell is likely to similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and arc probably short-siglited on land. Bui they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water In clear water and good liglit, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it c-an see and breulhc oven when the rest of die body is submerg'd, "The long whiskers growing iinmnd the muzzle are used to detect the presence of fish. They detect regular vihrutions cruised by the beat of the fish's tail as it swims awuy. I'his tdlows otters to hunt even in very murky water. Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not lo the very end. Giant otters ami sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter lias no webbing-they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they need the swimming speed. Otter ears are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.
C A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable liabitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures. they will prefer territories where mail's activities do nol impinge grcally. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence-this has only become significant again recently as populalions start to recover. A typical range for a mule river otter might he 25km of river, a female's range loss than half this. I lowcver, ihc pnMluclivity of the river affecls ihis hugely and one sitidy found male ranges between 12 and 80km. Coastal oilers havr a mucli more abundant Uwd supply aiul ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometers of coastline. Because male ranges are usually larger, a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females. Otters will eat anytliing that they can get hold of there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs gobbled. Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, oralis and water birds. Small munmmls are occasionally taken, most mmmonly rabbits but soinelimes even moles.
D )Eurasian otters will bretnJ any time where food is readily available. In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs arc bom in Spring, This ensures that they are wdl grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands. cubs are bam in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female muy have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of North American river otter whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation.
E )Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are linceing the most common). For some unknown reason, a^astal otters lend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes~a liny cub of 700g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At five weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she ttan chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax-until the next fella shows up.
F) The plight of the British oiler was recognised in the early 60s,but it wasn^t until the late 70s that ihe chief cause was discovered. Pcslicides. such as diddrin and aldriiu were first used in 1955 in iigriculture and other industries--these clicmiads are very persistenl and liad already been recognised as the muse of huge declines in the population of ficregrinc falcons, sparrowhawks and oilier predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain-micro-organisms. fish and finally otters, with every step increasing ihc concentration of the chemicals. From 1962 the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not and continued to fall into the 80s/niis was probably mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on popuIations fragmented by the sudden decimalion in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spoil the end.
G )Otter numkiers anr recovering all around Britain--populations arc growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to law and conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive-bred otters is seen by many as a last resort, The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and when there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able lo expand inlo the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough im|petus for it to stabilise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished the 1980s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely. Great news because it means it is no longer needed.
題目：
Questions 1-9 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A description of how otters regulate vision underwater
2 The fit-for-purpose characteristics of otter's body shape
3 A reference to an underdeveloped sense
4 An explanation of why agriculture failed in otter conservation efforts
5 A description of some of the otter’s social characteristics
6 A description of how baby otters grow
7 The conflicted opinions on how to preserve
8 A reference to a legislative act
9 An explanation of how otters compensate for heat loss
Questions 10-13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet
10 What affects the outer fur of otters?
11 What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters?
12 Which type of otters has the shortest range?
13 Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?
雅思閱讀--語言遞歸性影響不可忽略
一、引言
遞歸(recursion)是遞歸論(recursive theory)中的一個術語。遞歸論亦稱遞歸函數論或能行性理論，是數理邏輯中研究可計算性理論(computability theory)的分支，它通過對數論函數的研究深刻揭示能行過程的本質。
遞歸的實質是指一種循環結構，它把“較複雜”情形的計算，遞次地歸結爲“較簡單” 直至“最簡單”情形的計算，並得到計算結果爲止。本文擬探討語言遞歸性在雅思閱讀文章中的體現及其對答題思路的啓示。
二、語言遞歸的層次和方式
在英語測試中，對語篇遞歸性及其不同形式的認識和把握將直接影響到考試答題的效率。試舉一個簡單的例子，在英語聽力測試中有這樣一段對話：
A: Are you coming tonight? (Q1)
B: Can I bring a guest? (Q2)
A: Male or female? (Q3)
B: What difference does that make? (Q4)
A: An issue of balance. (A4)
B: Female. (A3)
A: Sure you can. (A2)
B: I will be there. (A1)
相鄰對是會話的基本組成單位。會話的典型話輪模式之一是提問(Q)- 回答(A)。以上對話就是幾個相鄰對層層相套(從屬內嵌)，其結構形式可以表示爲：Q1(Q2(Q3(Qn–An)A3)A2)A1，這就是語篇的從屬遞歸。
在聽力測試中，考生往往對(Q1-A1)(Q2-A2)(Q3-A3)(Qn–An)這樣的並列遞歸模式過於依賴，不熟悉或是忽略了基於從屬內嵌模式的話輪轉換技巧，對話輪的語意轉換產生錯誤的預判，從而嚴重影響了聽力理解和答題的能力。
三、語篇遞歸與雅思閱讀答題技能
英國語言學家提出了一種英語語篇中最常見的結構模式(簡稱SPRE模式)：情景(Situation)→ 問題(Problem)→ 反應(Response)→ 評價(Evaluation)。
這一結構在語篇中可能重複出現，層層相套，即結構模式的多層次性或再循環，也就是語篇結構的遞歸。雅思閱讀文章題材非常廣泛，而文體相對單一，絕大多數是說明性和議論性相結合的實用文體，其內容結構通常呈現SPRE基本模式或其部分模式構建成分的並列、從屬或並列從屬遞歸形式。
在雅思備考過程中，對真題語篇基本結構模式及其遞歸形式的分析將有助於快速定位和主題歸納等答題技能的培養與提高。
1.語篇遞歸與結構性定位及相關答題策略
雅思閱讀答題技能的核心環節之一是快速準確定位。定位有順序原則、邏輯關係、主題一致等不同的方法，而其中一個重要方法就是根據對語篇遞歸形式的分析，從內容結構層次上確定一系列題幹在原文中轉述對應信息的大致位置。如雅思閱讀核心題型之一的Summary(摘要題)，其題幹在語篇層次上的遞歸一般都會在原文獲得體現，從而爲定位提供重要的線索。例如：
Complete the summary below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22 . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23 ______ moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24 . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 are emitted.(劍橋4/Test3/Reading Passage2/ Q22 – Q26)
這一題幹呈現出明顯的情景(Situation)並列的語篇遞歸形式，即：“There are different types of eruption(有不同的噴發類型)// Examples of this type of eruption (噴發類型的例子)// A third type of eruption(第三種噴發類型)”。
其語篇結構可以表述爲：S1 + S2 + S3。根據雅思閱讀的命題規律，原文中一般會體現相應的遞歸，其涵蓋的語篇範圍正是答題信息點集中出現的位置。在本題中，原文的Section C的內容結構就是典型的關於噴發類型的情景並列遞歸：“Every eruption is different // Sometimes it is slow // Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly // The biggest eruptions are”(劍橋4/Test3/Reading Passage2)，其涵蓋的內容集中給出了Q23 – Q26的答案(magma, western India, explodes, gases)。
雅思閱讀的語篇或語段中S1 + S2 + …+ Sn的情景並列遞歸較爲常見，且通常包含多個連續考點。本題的定位技巧就是利用題幹語篇關於噴發類型的情景並列遞歸形式，在原文中尋讀相應的並列結構，從而快速確定一系列答案信息在文章中的大致位置。
雅思閱讀--三大障礙如何短時高效突破
問題一：遇到生詞，束手無策，無法正常進行閱讀和做題
雅思閱讀考試文章來源於國外原版的期刊或雜誌，話題覆蓋面廣，科技，自然，環保，社會，文化，工作，生物，地理等無不涉及，所以遇到生詞在情理之中。
但一部分烤鴨遇到生詞後就信心全失，慌亂至極，打破了自己原有的閱讀節奏和速度，做題時也因爲生詞被卡殼，結果題目不僅沒有解出，還影響了後面的做題速度和時間，可謂“一發動而遷全身”。對此，專家認爲，生詞的出現在所難免，只要大家有基本的詞彙量，完全可以將生詞的問題逐一擊破。
A. 有時候生詞屬於比較專業的詞彙，它們的出現不是爲了考察考生的詞彙量，更多的是檢閱大家的應變和判斷能力。尤其在題目中出現的所謂生詞，更是可以壞事變好事，成爲考生定位答案的線索詞。
比如：在劍橋7 “Why pagodas don't fall down”一文，5-10題的分類題中第6題“tiles on eaves”，很可能考生在三個單詞中有兩個都不認識，這時候如何是好呢?首先，先觀察這兩個生詞的詞性。在介詞“on”的前後，且分別加了“s”， 可以判斷是名詞。在這篇建築類的文章中論及我們不認識的名詞，想必不是日常詞彙，所以完全可以把“tiles”和“eaves”作爲定位詞去原文尋找答案。
B. 有時候生詞的含義可以在上下文中直接得到。在閱讀文章時遇到的生詞，有相當一部分的含義可以通過多種猜測單詞的方法得到，所以，在生詞的周圍或上下文尋找其解釋不失爲有效途徑。
問題二：不能權衡做題的優先性，無法把握做題時間
很多考生在面對雅思閱讀考試時，都會感嘆時間不夠，有的考生會剩下半篇文章沒有讀完，更有甚者，一個小時只夠用來做兩篇文章。其中做題速度無法達到要求的原因有很多，詞彙量，閱讀方法，做題技巧無一不是。
此外，還有一個很重要的因素：不會取捨，不會衡量做題的優先性。專家提示，雅思閱讀3篇文章，存在難易程度的差別。考生應選擇自己擅長或熟悉的話題文章優先做。
而對一篇文章而言，做題順序可以如下排布：Heading題 ---- 填空型題(表格，圖示，簡答，summary， 完成句子) ---- 判斷題 ---- 選擇型題(單選，多選)，平均每篇文章的做題時間控制在20min， 如時間到，還有少量題目(1-2題)沒有做完，可放寬少許時間完成。若還餘留多題未完成，建議先捨棄，做下一篇文章，因爲不排除下一篇文章，看似文章話題難，但題目容易的情況。難度係數高的題目在每個人面前都一樣，我們希望確保容易的題目百分百的拿下。
問題三：對題目考點把握不清，不知如何確定keywords
很多考生在平時的練習和考場上面對劃keywords總是單一的跟着感覺走，或是將一道題目中大部分的詞都劃下來作爲keywords， 完全失了方向和重點，直接導致答案很難在原文鎖定。所以，keywords是對題目的濃縮，也是題目的線索詞，更是考點。考生們應該在平時的課堂和練習中，多加總結考點詞的特點，以達到用一到兩個詞就涵蓋整個題目的效果。利用keywords定位答案，更集中目標，更有方向性。
