企業竟然激勵員工睡眠

Turns out a good night's rest is good for business.

原來，夜晚的良好睡眠對企業有利。

One-third of American workers aren't sleeping enough to function at peak levels, and that chronic exhaustion is costing billions of dollars in lost productivity, according to researchers from Harvard Medical School.

哈佛醫學院(Harvard Medical School)的科研人員表示，三分之一的美國勞動者由於睡眠不足不能在工作時達到最佳狀態，勞動者的長期疲憊還給生產力帶來了巨大的損失。

Managers at a growing number of concerns, among them Procter & Gamble Co., PG +0.01%and Goldman Sachs Group Inc., GS +1.04%are waking up to the problem, investing in programs from sleep-hygiene courses to melatonin-regulating lighting to help employees improve their slumber.

越來越多企業──其中包括寶潔公司(Procter & Gamble Co.)和高盛集團(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.)──的管理者開始逐漸意識到了這個問題。爲了幫助員工提高睡眠質量，這些企業花錢投資了從睡眠衛生課程到褪黑素調節燈具等一系列項目。

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates 40.6 million American workers, or 30% of the civilian workforce, don't get enough rest. And the Harvard scientists estimated in 2011 that sleep deprivation costs U.S. companies $63.2 billion in lost productivity per year, mainly because of 'presenteeism,' people showing up for work but operating at subpar levels. One example, from a separate team at Singapore Management University: Workers waste an extra 8.4 minutes online岸checking email, refreshing the home page, and so on岸for every hour of interrupted sleep the previous night.

美國疾病控制與預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)估計，約有4,060萬美國勞動者──即全美就業人數的30%──沒有得到充分的休息。哈佛醫學院的科學家們在2011年曾預計，睡眠剝奪每年給美國企業帶來的生產力損失達632億美元，其中的主要原因是“出勤主義”，即勞動者出現在工作崗位上但工作效率低下。新加坡管理大學(Singapore Management University)的一個科研團隊發現：勞動者前一個晚上被打擾的每一個小時的睡眠會導致他們第二天多浪費8.4分鐘上網，比如查郵件、刷新八卦網站等。

Managers struggle to motivate exhausted workers. During busy holiday periods at the Park Hyatt Beaver Creek resort in Avon, Colo., long hours sometimes lead to short fuses among staff. 'You have to try to figure out who's feeling frustrated and help them cut loose to get some rest,' said Scott Gubrud, director of sales and marketing at the hotel, which last week began a series of better-sleep initiatives for both employees and guests.

爲激勵疲憊不堪的員工，管理人員使出了渾身解數。在位於科羅拉多州埃文(Avon)的比佛溪柏悅度假村(Park Hyatt Beaver Creek Resort)，度假旺季的長時間工作有時會令員工之間產生摩擦。該度假村銷售和市場主管古布魯德(Scott Gubrud)稱，你必須要設法找出情緒沮喪的員工，並幫他們放下活兒去休息一會兒。本月，該度假村針對員工和客人發起了一系列“好眠”倡議。

'If we treated machinery like we treat the human body, there would be breakdowns all the time,' said James Maas, a former Cornell University psychologist and author of 'Sleep for Success.'

前康奈爾大學(Cornell University)心理學家、《有睡眠纔會成功》(Sleep for Success)一書的作者馬斯(James Maas)表示，如果用對待身體的方式來對待機器，機器隨時都會崩潰。

Companies have been slow to grasp the effects of sleep deprivation on productivity, but it is now a hot topic even in hard-driving industries, such as finance, where pulling all-nighters is often viewed as crucial to getting ahead.

企業在領會睡眠剝奪對生產力的影響上向來遲鈍，但是現在這已然成爲了熱門話題，即使在金融業等壓力繁重的行業也是如此。在這些行業，熬夜常被視爲成功的關鍵因素。

Mr. Maas, who says he coined the phrase 'power nap' 36 years ago, gave a talk about sleep hygiene at Goldman Sachs in 2011 that was so oversubscribed it had to be broadcast via conference call to accommodate the 1,000 or so people who wanted to attend. He spoke last year at hedge-fund firm D.E. Shaw & Co., which has nap pods sprinkled around its offices.

馬斯2011年曾在高盛舉辦過一場關於睡眠衛生的講座，想要報名參加講座的員工多到高盛不得不通過電話會議的方式對講座進行廣播，才能滿足大約1,000名員工的需求。馬斯稱，他在36年前就創造了“能量小盹”這個詞。去年，他在對衝基金公司德劭集團( & Co.)也舉辦了一次講座，現在該公司的辦公室內擺滿了睡眠艙。

Yet perceptions linger that sleep is for sissies and loafers, and neither Goldman nor Shaw would comment directly about why they're addressing employees' sleep habits. A 2012 University of Southern California study of young investment bankers suggests that punishing hours, and resulting sleep deprivation, contributed to physical and emotional ailments within four years on the job.

然而，有關睡覺是娘娘腔和懶漢們專利的看法仍然揮之不去，而且無論是高盛還是德劭都不願意就關注僱員睡眠習慣的原因直接置評。南加利福利亞大學(University of Southern California) 2012年一項針對青年投資銀行家的研究表明，加班以及由此導致的睡眠剝奪，對最近四年工作期間內出現的身體及情緒疾病負有責任。

'People in investment banking have been my main clients for the last few years because they're so exhausted and under so much pressure,' said Mr. Maas, adding that bankers usually don't want to hear about how to get more sleep. Instead, they want tips for performing well on five or six hours' rest.

馬斯稱，在過去的幾年裏，投資銀行從業人員一直是我的主要客戶，因爲他們疲憊不堪，並且承受着巨大的壓力。他補充道，銀行家們通常不願意聽取有關如何增加睡眠的建議，他們更想要的是隻睡五、六個小時就能生龍活虎的高招。

The risks of fatigue are especially acute in professions like health care and manufacturing, which involve overnight shifts and where a single careless error can put lives in danger.

疲勞的風險在醫療和製造等行業中尤爲嚴重。這些行業涉及夜班，稍有疏忽就會導致生命危險。

At Aurora Health Care, the largest hospital system in Wisconsin, more than 2,600 employees in 2012 took a six-week online course for insomnia sufferers after managers surmised that sleep deprivation was likely a problem among its workforce. The course, one of several health-coaching sessions offered at Aurora and developed by Johnson & Johnson's JNJ -0.74%Wellness & Prevention unit, requires participants to keep a sleep diary, and then makes recommendations based on individual sleep patterns.

2012年，有超過2,600名奧羅拉醫療保健系統(Aurora Health Care)的員工學習了爲期六週的爲失眠患者設計的網上課程，該機構的管理人士認爲睡眠剝奪可能是全體員工的普遍問題。奧羅拉醫療保健系統是威斯康辛州最大的醫療體系。這項課程由強生公司(Johnson & Johnson's)旗下的保健與預防部門開發，是奧羅拉提供的健康培訓項目之一。該課程要求學員記睡眠日記，並會根據個人的睡眠模式給出建議方案。

Barb Stollenwork, age 53 and a wellness program coordinator at Aurora, kicked her nightly Tylenol PM habit after finishing the program at the end of 2011. For years, she said, she woke at 4 a.m., then lay in bed worrying about how she'd function that day. By changing her behavior岸for instance, going to bed later岸she began sleeping until her alarm rang at 5:30 a.m.

斯托倫沃克(Barb Stollenwork)是奧羅拉的一名健康項目協調員，現年53歲。在2011年底結束了失眠治療項目的學習後，她戒掉了每晚吃泰諾安(Tylenol PM)的習慣。她說，多年以來，她總是在凌晨四點醒來，然後就躺在那兒發愁這一天怎樣才能保持狀態。通過調整自身習慣，比如晚點兒上牀，她又能一直睡到五點半鬧鐘響了。

Based on follow-up surveys that asked about both sleep and work habits, Aurora sees an average of $672 in productivity savings per participant in the insomnia module, said Dr. David Smith, an Aurora vice president.

奧羅拉副總裁史密斯(David Smith)博士稱，基於對睡眠和工作習慣的跟蹤調查，奧羅拉發現參加失眠治療課程的學員平均每人節省了672美元的生產力。

Procter & Gamble is talking with sleep expert Nancy Rothstein about creating a multiweek pilot program for two of its plants, one in Belleville, Ontario, that makes Always feminine-hygiene products, and the other in Lima, Ohio, that makes liquid laundry detergents. Paul DeLuca, North American learning and development manager, said he hopes to have both courses running by June, starting with a group of 15 to 20 workers in Lima and up to 300 in Belleville.

寶潔公司正與睡眠專家羅斯坦(Nancy Rothstein)就在旗下兩家工廠開設爲期數週的試點項目進行溝通。其中一家工廠位於加拿大安大略省貝爾維爾(Belleville)，生產的是Always牌女性衛生用品；另一家工廠位於美國俄亥俄州利馬(Lima)，生產的是洗衣液。寶潔北美培訓及發展經理德盧卡(Paul Deluca)稱，他希望兩家工廠都能在6月前開課，利馬工廠初期參與課程的有15至20名工人，貝爾維爾工廠則有多達300名。

The plants operate day and night, so many employees work unconventional hours, a known risk for poor sleep and overall bad health. If the program helps workers get better rest, with resulting gains in productivity and concentration, Mr. DeLuca will argue for a broader rollout of the initiative.

這些工廠日夜開工，所以很多工人需要在非常規時段工作，衆所周知，這有引發低質睡眠和整體健康狀況惡化的風險。如果這一課程能幫助工人休息得更好，並能提高生產力和注意力，德盧卡將力爭擴大試點的範圍。

P&G brought Ms. Rothstein to its headquarters in Cincinnati last year to give a 50-minute presentation emphasizing, among other things, the importance of shutting off screen devices an hour before bed because the blue light emitted by the screens interferes with production of the sleep hormone melatonin.

去年，寶潔邀請諾斯坦到其位於辛辛那提的總部做了一個五十分鐘的報告。在諸多注意事項中，報告着重強調了睡前一小時關閉屏幕設備的重要性，因爲屏幕發出的藍光會干擾睡眠荷爾蒙褪黑素的分泌。

That's no easy order in the age of smartphones, laptops and late-night conference calls with the Beijing or London office. 'The line between work and what's outside of work is graying,' Mr. DeLuca said.

在這個充滿了智能手機、筆記本電腦和連線北京或倫敦辦公室的深夜電話會議的時代，執行這個建議實屬不易。德盧卡說，工作內外的界限變得越來越模糊。

At the more extreme end of the intervention scale, some are calling upon Litebook Company Ltd., a Canadian maker of lights that help regulate the body's melatonin levels. The company, which supplies devices to the Philadelphia Flyers and Ottawa Senators to help athletes cope with jet lag and game schedules, said it is getting calls from corporations interested in making the lights available at workstations and desks.

還有一種更爲激進的睡眠干預方式：有些人求助於加拿大燈具製造商Litebook Company Ltd.的產品，該公司生產的燈具有助於調節人體的褪黑素水平。Litebook爲費城飛人隊(Phiadelphia Flyers)和渥太華參議員隊(Ottawa Senators)供應燈具，以幫助運動員們應對飛行時差和賽程安排所帶來的問題。該公司表示，他們不斷地接到從其他公司打來的電話，表示有興趣在工作間和辦公桌上安裝這種燈具。