自20世紀80年代以來的十大炫酷發明(1)

Do you remember the 1980s? It was a decade of big hair, neon-bright clothing and consumerism. A new Television network called Music Television, or MTV, launched early in the decade and gave rise to the popularity of music videos. By the end of the 1980s, global politics would change forever as the Berlin Wall fell. During the decade, inventors created some cool devices.

還記得上世紀80年代嗎？那是一個崇尚大卷發，亮閃閃酷炫服飾以及享樂至上的時代。新的電視網絡——音樂電視，或是MTV（音樂電視頻道）的出現，帶動起一股音樂錄像帶的潮流。到了80年代末，隨着柏林牆的倒塌，全球的政治局面發生了根本性的變革。也就是在那10年間，發明者們創造出了一些酷炫的設備。

This list could easily hold frivolous and quirky inventions -- there was no shortage of odd products in the 1980s. For example, there was the DeLorean DMC-12 sports car. The vehicle was a strange one -- journalists who took it on road tests reported that it handled poorly, didn't accelerate as quickly as other sports cars and wasn't particularly fast. The car had a distinctive look with its stainless steel panels and gull-wing doors, but it seemed doomed to obscurity. But then a little film called "Back to the Future" came out and propelled the DeLorean to new fame. It joined the ranks of other beloved time machines like the Doctor's TARDIS and Bill and Ted's phone booth.

接下來要介紹的這一榜單簡單列舉了一些瑣屑無聊又稀奇古怪的發明，其實80年代根本就不缺乏這樣光怪陸離的產品。例如德勞瑞恩跑車（Delorean DMC12). 這是一部很奇怪的車，那些測試這部車的記者們聲稱道這部車的操作系統很槽糕，加速起來並不像其他的跑車那樣跑的很快，甚至跑起來是真的很不快。雖說這輛車的不鏽鋼的金屬板以及鷗翼的門讓它看起來是那麼的與衆不同，不過它依然像是註定不會爲衆人所知。然而之後一部《回到未來》的電影上映，又使得這部德勞瑞恩跑車名聲大噪。它和《Doctor Who》（英國科幻電視劇）中的TARDIS時間飛船、《阿比阿弟的冒險》中可以穿越時空的電話亭一同晉升爲大衆心愛機器。

Now that we've cleansed the pallet with a goofy entry, let's get down to serious business.

我們已經清理掉了那些傻傻呆呆的發明創造，現在就讓我們一本正經地切入主題吧！

osable Cameras

10.一次性照相機

Like contact lenses, cameras became a disposable commodity in the 1980s. Fujifilm invented the modern disposable camera in 1986 with the Utsurun-Desu, and other major photography companies like Kodak, Canon and Nikon quickly started manufacturing similar products. Buying a camera was no longer a hefty investment: Disposable cameras were cheap and extremely easy to use, perfect for shooting a specific occasion with one roll of film. A built-in flash eventually became the norm for disposable cameras, and some even used a pair of lenses to create a manual osable cameras didn't take over the photography market, but they absolutely cornered the tourism industry. Cheap throwaway cameras were perfect for traveling, easy to use and similarly easy to outfit with plastic cases for underwater rise of digital photography spelled an end to the glory days of disposable cameras. With images saved to memory, rather than permanently captured on film, digital cameras introduced infinite re-usability into the camera world. Still, disposable cameras have their place -- they're great party favors, easy for kids to use, and won't set you back hundreds of dollars after an accidental dip in the ocean.

同隱形眼鏡一樣，相機也成爲了20世紀80年代流行的一次性日用品。1986年，富士公司首次推出第一臺一次性照相機——Utsurun-Desu，隨後，其他許多大型攝影公司，像柯達、佳能或者是尼康等也相繼推出了類似的產品。至此，買一臺相機便不再是一項沉重的投資了。一次性照相機性價比很高，一卷膠捲就可以拍出相當完美的具體影像。內置的閃光燈成爲了一次性照相機的標配，甚至有的相機還使用一組透鏡，形成手動可變焦距鏡頭。雖然一次性照相機並沒有考慮攝影市場，但他們卻以絕對性的優勢壟斷了整個旅遊行業。廉價的一次性相機對於旅行來說絕對是完美的配備，就連操作也十分便捷，簡單的套一個塑料袋就可以進行水下攝影。數碼相機的興起終結了一次性照相機的黃金時代。圖片可以記憶存儲，而不是必須通過膠片纔可以永恆保存，數碼相機把可無限制重複使用的性能引入了相機領域。儘管如此，一次性照相機仍然保有他們的一席之地——它們也有依然熱衷於它們的追隨者，例如，對於孩子來說，還是一次性照相機使用起來更加方便，即便是不小心掉落海里，你也不會緊張那隨海水飄去的好幾百美元。

tine Patch

9.尼古丁貼劑

Cigarettes are addictive and unhealthy. Who knew? Well, at one point in time, no one did. Smoking was considered glamorous and was accepted everywhere. Movie stars of the 1940s and 1950s smoked cigarettes in every scene. Even in the 1980s, smoking was still very common. But by then, some researchers were trying to figure out why cigarettes were addictive and looking for a way to break the most successful of those researchers was probably Dr. Murray E. Jarvik, who studied the effects of nicotine in the '60s and '70s and determined it was the addictive ingredient in tobacco. Jarvik and one of his students knew that tobacco harvesters often suffered from "green tobacco illness," a form of nicotine poisoning that resulted from skin contact with tobacco leaves, and began testing the dermal application of nicotine in 1984. And just like that, the nicotine patch was , almost. Jarvik's discovery led to a 1985 patent request from the University of California, but prescription nicotine patches didn't actually hit store shelves until 1992. A few years later, nicotine patches were available over the counter without a prescription, and ever since then, they've been helping smokers stamp out their cigarette habits.

菸草是容易讓人上癮，並且又不太健康的東西，不過真的有人知道嗎？事實上，一度沒有人知道這一事實。吸菸曾被認爲是一項充滿魅力的行爲，且廣受大衆的接受與喜愛。20世紀40年代到50年代，電影明星們好像無時無刻都在抽菸。即使是到了80年代，吸菸仍然是一件司空見慣的事情。但是自那之後，一些研究者就想要試圖弄清楚吸菸使人上癮的根源所在，並開始着手尋找一些戒菸的方法。在那些研究者當中，最成功的恐怕要數賈維克博士（Dr Jarvik）了。他於60年代到70年代間一直從事於研究尼古丁對人的影響，並認爲菸草中有使人上癮的物質。賈維克同他的一個學生了解到，菸草收割者時常會受到菸草花葉病的干擾，而菸草花葉病的感染就是由於菸草葉與皮膚之間發生接觸而形成的一種尼古丁毒素所致。1984年，賈維克他們開始測試人體皮膚上的尼古丁表皮施用。就這樣，尼古丁貼劑誕生了。很好的是，1985年，賈維克的發明獲得了美國加利福尼亞大學的專利，但直到1992年，處方藥尼古丁貼劑纔在各大藥店處方櫃銷售。幾年以後，尼古丁貼劑便可在非處方櫃購買。自那之後，尼古丁貼劑便成爲輔助吸菸者戒除煙癮的工具之一。

ac

8.百憂解

Prescription drugs always come with a long, concerning list of side effects, and Prozac is no exception. That doesn't change the fact that Prozac, aka Fluoxetine, has helped millions of people deal with clinical depression since it first became available as a prescription medication in 1987. Fluoxetine's potential as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor was actually discovered in the 1970s, but the FDA didn't give the drug the go-ahead for an entire xetine was discovered and patented by Eli Lilly and Company in the 1970s; after the FDA approved the drug in 1987, they began marketing it under the name Prozac. The drug became a successful and popular treatment for depression and obsessive compulsive disorder, allowing the brand name "Prozac" to become synonymous with antidepressants in the ite being so well-known, Prozac isn't the most-prescribed antidepressant in medicine: In the U.S., Sertraline and Citalopram are in higher demand than Fluoxetine. Even those suffering from depression who aren't prescribed Prozac may have benefited from the drug: The patent wore off in 2001, allowing generic Prozac alternatives to hit the market.

處方藥副作用的列表總是很長，百憂解也不例外。自1987年百憂解第一次成爲處方藥開始，它就已經幫助幾百萬人緩解了臨牀憂鬱症——這一事實無可否認。二十世紀七十年代，人們發現氟西汀可以作爲一種選擇性血清再攝取抑制劑。但是，整整十年，美國食品藥品管理局都沒有批准施用此藥物。二十世紀七十年代，美國禮來公司（Eli Lilly）發現氟西汀，並獲得了它的專利。1987年，美國食品藥品管理局批准施用這個藥物之後，他們便開始以“百憂解”的名稱銷售此藥物。該藥物成爲治療抑鬱症和強迫症的良方，並迅速風靡。二十世紀九十年代之後，百憂解便成爲抗抑鬱藥物的代名詞。儘管百憂解這麼有名，但在醫學上，它並不是最好的抗抑鬱處方藥。在美國，舍曲林和西酞普蘭的市場需求比百憂解還要高。只要那些患有抑鬱症的人不遵醫囑吃處方藥，百憂解就可以從這些病人當中受益，但2001年起，百憂解的專利失效，這讓泛型百憂解的替代品有機會衝擊藥品市場。

審稿：省略珺 校對：CMX 來源：前十網