劍橋雅思閱讀6test1原文翻譯及答案解析
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劍橋雅思閱讀6原文(test1)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.
C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.
D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.
F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports
2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations
3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity
4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced
5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated
6 an overview of the funded support of athletes
7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event
Questions 8-11
Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they
A are currently exclusively used by Australians
B will be used in the future by Australians
C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
8 cameras
9 sensors
10 protein tests
11 altitude tents
Questions 12 and 13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?
13 By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
DELIVERING THE GOODS
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried about sales beyond their nation’s borders.
B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.
C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.
D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.
E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.
H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, America’s freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives — while increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.
I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.
hold: ship’s storage area below beck
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future
15 the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
16 the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier
17 the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery
Questions 18-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
18 International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
19 Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.
20 Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
21 Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
22 Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
Questions 23-26
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.
THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION
Modern Cargo-handing methods have had a significant effect on 23............ as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined.
Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24............ from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25............ has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce 26............: in order to free up the domestic cargo sector.
A tariffs B components C container ships
D output E employees F insurance costs
G trade H freight I fares
J software K international standards
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Question 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-32 on you answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The reaction of the Inuit community to climate change
ii Understanding of climate change remains limited
iii Alternative sources of essential supplies
iv Respect for Inuit opinion grows
v A healthier choice of food
vi A difficult landscape
vii Negative effects on well-being
viii Alarm caused by unprecedented events in the Arctic
ix The benefits of an easier existence
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
Climate Change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit people
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming — a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.
D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.
F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
Questions 33-40
Complete the summary of paragraphs C and D below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.
Write you answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.
If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in 33............... as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching a means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The le were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37............... . In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38............... lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39............... for their food and clothes. uce is particularly expensive.
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文參考譯文(test1)
TEST 1 PASSAGE 1參考譯文：
AUSTRALIA’S SPORTING SUCCESS
澳大利亞的體育成就
A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.
A他們努力競爭，他們積極參與，他們參加比賽完全爲了取勝。澳大利亞體育勁旅輕鬆擊敗對手，取得輝煌戰績。他們何以做到這一點?成功的祕密在於一個由體育學院和科研機構組成的網絡，該網絡以科學與醫學爲基礎，涉及面廣且耗資巨大。在澳大利亞體育學院(AIS)裏，數百名青年選手與職業運動員在教練的指導下共同生活和訓練。另一家機構——澳大利亞體育運動委員會(ASC)，則爲總計96項體育運動中項目的數千名錶現突出的男女運動員提供資助。上述兩家機構均提供強化訓練、訓練設備和營養諮詢服務。
B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.
B 科學在體育科研機構中的地位舉足輕重。AIS不僅僱用了上百名在體育方面深有研究的科學家和醫生，還與大學及研究中心的幾十名專家學者致力合作。AIS的科學家們同時研究多個體育項目，並將一個項目中的研究成果跨界應用，例如將增強髙爾夫球運動員肌肉力量的訓練方法應用於游泳和壁球中。科學家們也得到了那些設計專用儀器來收集運動員資料的技術人員們的強大支持。他們都只關注一個目標：勝利。AIS的科研主管彼得?弗裏克說：“我們不能在不切實際的科學問題上浪費時間，它們既無法協助教練指導運動員，也無法提高運動員本身的能力。”
C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.
C 專家們的許多工作都涉及具體測量，測量內容包括從游泳運動員潛水的精確角度到自行車運動員每秒功率輸出的所有數據。這些資料將有助於運動員發揮最大的潛力來提高運動能力。工作核心是以人爲本，其目的在於促使運動員發揮最大潛力來提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成績。無論多麼微小的收穫都值得爲之努力。正是這些跬步的積累，才使得澳大利亞取得舉世矚目的體育成就。爲了說明系統運作的原理，AIS的科學家布魯斯?梅森展示了爲研究游泳運動員而設計的三維分析工具模型。只見一個游泳冠軍獲得者的線框模型劃開水面，她的雙臂以慢動作的形式划動。側面觀察，梅森可以測量每次划動中運動員前進的距離。俯視觀察，他可以分析這位運動員的脊柱是怎樣轉動的。該系統設計完成後，他將能夠爲教練們建立生物力學的模型，協助培養游泳運動員。梅森對體育事業的貢獻還包括游泳運動分析系統(SWAN)的開發，該系統現在正廣泛應用於澳大利亞各項全國賽事之中。系統採用攝影頻率爲50格/秒的數 碼相機收集影像，然後將游泳運動員的每個動作都分解成可分析的因素.例如劃距、劃頻、每個划水動作 的平均持續時間、速率、出發時間、往返時間和結束時間等等。每次比賽結束後，SWAN都會給出每名運動員的數據資料。
D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.
D“請看，”梅森一邊說一邊抽出一張數據資料分析表。他指出獲得第二名和第三名運動員的資料，數據證明遊的最快的人其實是獲得第三名的選手。那麼，爲什麼他會以0. 35秒之差落後呢?梅森解釋說：“他轉身所需的時間比另一名選手長0.44秒、如果能夠提高轉身的技能，他的成績將會大大提高。”AIS科學家們的研究將這種精確性帶到各種體育項目之中。他們正與位於墨爾本的微技術合作研究中心合作，共同開發可嵌人運動員衣服或跑鞋裏的微型傳感器，用以監控心律、出汗情況、發熱量以及其他一切可能對運動員賽跑能力造成影響的因素。這不僅僅是簡單地測評運動員們的表現。弗裏克舉了個每年都會因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的運動員的例子來說明了這一點。經過多年試驗，AIS與新南威爾士州的紐卡斯爾大學合作研發出一種測試，以測量運動員唾液中免疫球蛋白A的含量如果免疫球蛋白A的含量突然降到某一水平之下，訓練就會減弱強度或完全停止。不久，免疫球蛋白A水平開始回升，危險也最終消除。自推行該測試以來，AIS所有體育項目的運動員們都非常成功地保持着良好的健康狀態。
E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.
E 數據資料的分析與應用十分複雜。在錦標賽開始之前，體育科學家和教練們就早早着手訓練運動員， 爲比賽做好準備。基於預期中將能奪冠的速度，他們力圖使運動員進入“競賽模式”。梅森說：“人們設計一種模式以達到預期的速度，該模式規定了出發時間的長短、每次划水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉身所需的時間等等。”因此，無論是針對比賽整體還是其每個組成部分，所有的訓練都是爲了使運動員達到這些目標。諸如此類的先進科技已使澳大利亞成爲了一個當之無愧的世界體育強國。
F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.
F 當然，許多國家都曾嘗試着模仿，這是無法避免的。十幾年前，AIS爲進行耐力講練的運動員設計出一款流線型散熱運動服。在1996年舉辦的亞特蘭大奧運會上，該運動服爲自行車運動員和划艇選手們減少了2%的比賽時間。現在，所有的選手都在使用這種新型運動服。“高原帳篷”也是如此，這是AIS爲了模仿在海平面髙度地點的訓練效果而設計研發的。然而，澳大利亞的成功故事絕不僅僅是些可以機械複製的技術方案，這也是爲何時至今日也沒有任何國家能夠效仿其包羅萬象的訓練系統。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
DELIVERING THE GOODS
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
貨物運輸
國際貿易規模的巨大擴張應當歸功於貨運業的變革
A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried about sales beyond their nation’s borders.
A 國際貿易正以驚人的速度不斷髮展。世界經濟的年均增長率略高於3%，而貿易額的年均複合增長率則高達此數字的近兩倍。外國產品幾乎在各國經濟中都扮演着愈加重要的角色，產品範圍廣及肉類製品到機械設備。國外市場也正在吸引着那些從來不曾關心其商品在國外銷路的企業。
B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.
B 國際貿易飛速發展的原因是什麼呢?當然，其原因之一是貿易壁壘在全世界範圍的普遍減少，比如關稅的減免和進口配額的淡出。另一原因是爲傳統意義上貿易小國的經濟開放。然而，在進出口貿易興旺繁榮的背後，有一種力量一直被人們所忽視，那就是將貨物運往市場所需費用的迅速下降。從理論上講，運輸費用在貿易往來中並不重要。人們認爲，貨物在製成成品之後就可以無需任何花費運往各地。但是，現實世界充滿了矛盾。廉價勞動力可能使中國的紡織品在美國市場上極具競爭力，而一旦貨運的延遲佔用了流動資金，並導致冬大衣直至來春天才運達目的地，那麼這筆交易將會失去其競爭優勢。
C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.
C 在世紀之交，農業和製造業幾乎曾是世界各地最重要的兩大行業，其比重佔德國、意大利和法國總產量的約70%，佔美國、英國和日本總產量的40%~50%。因此，國際貿易以小麥、木材和鐵礦石等爲代表的原材料或者以肉類和鋼鐵等爲代表的加工品爲主。但這些商品重、體積大，從而運輸費用也相對較髙。
D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth of imports or exports.
D 至今爲止，各國仍然將重點放在與鄰國的貿易往來上。然而隨着時間的推移，全世界範圍的商品生產已經轉向其價值與其尺寸、重量並不相關的商品。現今，製成品已在貿易往來中佔據主體地位，而且像輕量級組件等科技進步成果使製成品變得愈加輕便、小巧。因此，進出口商品所需的運費也相應有所降低。
E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
E爲了理解運費降低對於貿易的影響，讓我們看看計算機磁盤驅動器的生產製造業。全世界大多數的磁盤驅動器製造業都集中在東南亞地區。磁盤驅動器價格昂貴(價值高)。但正是由於其重量輕、體積小而運輸花費低，才使得製造業的集中成爲可能。即使從新加坡進口磁盤驅動器而不是在國內市場購買，日本或美國得克薩斯州的計算機制造商們也不會面對花費高出很多的運費賬單。因此，距離已不再是磁盤驅動器製造業的全球化進程的障礙。
F This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
F在飛速發展的信息產業更是如此。即便用飛機運輸，膠片和光盤也只需極低的運費。計算機軟件的“出口”甚至不需要裝運，僅僅通過電話線就可以在各國之間傳輸。因此，在選定製造地點時，貨運費用和貨物裝卸表已成爲無關緊要的因素。企業在選址時可以去考慮其他因素，例如勞動力的可獲得性，而不必過分擔心產品的運送費用。
G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.
G在許多國家，管制的解除推動了國際貿易的發展。除此之外，一系列科技創新也間接地促進了貨物裝卸作業中生產率的迅速提高，其中包括廣爲人知的集裝箱運輸和多式聯運。四十年前，進出口商品程序繁雜，這帶來了部分貨物在運送過程中被損壞或偷竊的危險。集裝箱起重機的發明實現了集裝箱的安全裝卸，又不至於傾覆貨運船隻;而採用同一標準規格的集裝箱則使所有船隻都能夠運載裝箱運送的不同貨物。到1967年，貨艙中裝運散裝貨物而甲板上裝運集裝箱的兩用貨輪已逐漸被淘汰，取而代之的是可以一次運載幾千個集裝箱的全集裝箱船。
H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, America’s freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives — while increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.
H集裝箱已將海上運輸轉變爲一種效率極髙且競爭力強的行業，但將貨物運往或者運離碼頭卻絕非易 事。總體來說，相對於控制海上運輸的費用，各國政府都更傾向於牢牢控制貨車運輸和鐵路運輸的運價。然而，這種情況從二十世紀七十年代中期，即美國解除對運輸業的管制時便開始發生轉變。繼航運業率先獲得管制解除之後，公路運輸業和鐵路運輸業也相繼擺脫了限制運載貨物種類、裝卸地點和貨運費用規定的束縛。生產率的顯著提高獲得了巨大的成果。例如，1985年至1996年間，美國鐵路運輸業以驚人的方式在提高貨運量的同時，減少了職工人數，縮短了運程，降低了機車隊規模。雖然不及美國成就巨大，歐洲鐵路運輸業同樣取得了成果顯著的生產力的進步和生產率的提高。
I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.
I 在美國，運輸業生產率高速增長的時代或許已近尾聲，但對於大多數國家來說，此過程依然任重而道遠。許多因素導致了運輸費用不必要地持續偏高並阻礙着國際貿易的發展，其中包括國家對於鐵路業和航空業的所有權，限制運輸費用的管理規定，以及對於反競爭行爲的寬容。這些障礙的消除將有助於全球經濟一體化的進程與發展。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
Climate Change and the Inuit
The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit people
氣候變化與因紐特人
北極地區氣候變化造成的威脅和加拿大因紐特人(亦稱“愛斯基摩人”)面臨的困境
A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming — a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.
A 據報導，罕見事件在北極各地不斷髮生。許多因紐特家庭在乘坐雪地汽車離開居住地去爲夏季狩獵露營地做準備時，被大片因提早解凍而形成的泥沼隔斷了回家的路。相關報道層出不窮，圓頂冰屋的雪磚在融化滴落後又再次凍結，損壞了大量絕緣物品;凍土層融化，使湖水流入海洋;海冰比往年提前破碎，漂流的碎冰將海豹帶到了獵人們力所不及的狩獵範圍之外。對我們中的大多數人來說，氣候變化或許還是一個相當抽象的概念，但在北極地區這已經產生了巨大的影響。如果夏季海冰以現有的速度繼續消融，不久之後浮冰就會在夏季的北冰洋上完全消失。氣候變化的連鎖效應還包括氣溫升高、雲層增厚、降水量增加和海平面升高。科學家們致力於研究氣候變化的原因，因爲他們認爲在全球變暖的進程中，北極是能夠警示危險到來的“礦井裏的金絲雀”警告着我們北極地區的現狀就是全世界的未來。
B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.
B 對因紐特人來說，形勢非常緊迫，問題亟待解決。他們生活在地球上最艱苦的地方與周圍環境保摶着不穩定的平衡。無論造成何種影響，氣候變化都是他們生活方式的直接威脅。當地居民比任何人都更加了解北極，因此他們不會簡單地滿足於自己袖手旁觀而讓外國專家們告知他們北極的現狀。努納武特地區是加拿大最新成立的特別行政區，當地的因紐特人一直努力維護來之不易的自治權。他們認爲在不斷變化的環境中，生存的最大希望在於將先人的智慧與先進的現代科學相結合。但這本身就是一個巨大的挑戰。
C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.
C 加拿大北極區是一片廣袤荒蕪的極地荒漠，一年中多半時間都被冰雪所覆蓋。踏上這片土地，你就會明白以此爲家的人們的處境有多麼艱苦。農耕種植絕不可能，而可供採摘的食物也寥寥無幾。四千五百年前，人類首次在北極地區定居，並且以捕捉海洋哺乳動物和魚類爲生。環境的考驗將他們生存的潛力逼迫到了極限：有時他們成功倖存，而有時則遭受失敗並滅亡。然而，大約一千年前出現了一個種族，他們以獨一無二的方式很好地適應了北極地區的環境。這些圖勒人從阿拉斯加遷至北極，並帶來了皮艇、雪橇、狗、 陶器和鐵質工具。他們是現今因紐特人的祖先。
D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.
D 對圖勒人的子鉢後代來說，生活依然殘酷而艱苦。努納武特地區包括一百九十萬平方公里被岩石和冰雪覆蓋的陸地，以及此極點附近的幾個島嶼。現在，除了少數幾個人之外，該地區兩千五百名居民幾乎均爲因紐特原住民。在過去的四十年中，大多數人都放棄了遊牧生活而定居在該地區二十八個相互獨立的社區，但他們仍舊主要依賴於大自然來獲取食物與衣服。當地商店出售的日常必需品是通過世界上運費最昂貴的航線之一進行運輸，或是通過只有在夏季不結冰的幾個星期裏才能航行的供應船運送進努納武特地區的。一個家庭每年大約要花費七千英鎊才能用進口的肉食來取代他們自己獵取的肉類。在這裏，經濟機遇極少，政府補助金是許多人唯一的收人來源。
E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.
E 即使氣候變化阻礙了狩獵和誘捕，因紐特人或許也不會真的挨餓受凍，但氣候變化的確影響了人們的健康。人們開始患上肥胖症、心臟病和糖尿病，而這些疾病曾經根本不會對因紐特人的健康構成威脅。隨着狩獵、誘捕和剝皮等傳統手藝的失傳，人們面臨着嚴重的身份危機。在努納武特地區“圓頂冰星加電子郵件”的社會中，父母出生在冰屋之中，而其子女們或許從來沒有到野外狩獵的經歷，憂鬱症頻繁發生。
F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.
F 在情況危急之下，因紐特人決定在解開北極地區氣候變化之謎的過程中發揮關鍵作用。因紐特人在當地生活了幾百年，他們相信傳統知識的財富對於這項任務的完成至關重要。西方的科學家們也開始逐漸吸收借鑑傳統知識，並將其稱爲“因紐特智慧”或IQ。因紐特首領兼政治家約翰?阿瑪高利克說：“在科學家們來到這裏展開研究工作的初期，他們忽視我們的存在。他們或許這樣認爲：反正因紐特人懂得的知識也不多，我們爲什麼要向他們請教呢?但是近年來，IQ已經逐漸顯示出其可信度和重要性。”事實上，現在任何人若想得到在努納武特地區開展科學研究的許可，都必須諮詢當地社區，而社區則會協助安排研究日程，並在日程安排中反映出其關心的重要問題。他們可以拒絕可能損害社區利益的科研申請，或者否決可能嚴重影響當地居民日常生活和傳統活動的科研項目。
G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.
G 某些科學家質疑傳統知識的價值，認爲因紐特人在北極地區居住的時間太短。除此之外，另一些人指出北極地區第一批氣象站也僅僅是五十年前才建立的。現今，我們的環境知識還很匱乏，即使以科學的發展爲依據，許多預測也不過是大膽的猜測而巳。IQ能夠填補我們現有環境知識的空白，並且能夠解決一個巨大的疑問，即我們所見的現象是自然環境的反覆無常還是人類活動的必然後果。
劍橋雅思閱讀6原文解析(test1)
Test 1 Passage1
Question 1
答案：B
關鍵詞：exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports
定位原文：B段第2、3句“ collaborates with… a number of sports …”
解題思路: 題幹中講到不同體育領域的專業知識交流正好跟原文中跨不同體育專家之間的合作相對應，理解意思即可容易找到正確答案。
Question 2
答案：C
關鍵詞: visual imaging/3D, image
定位原文: C段第6句: “s off the prototype of a 3D analysis …”
解題思路: 通過題幹中的視頻成像可以很容易找到原文中對應的3D和成像。
Question 3
答案：B
關鍵詞: a reason for narrowing/ can’t waste time
定位原文: B段最後1句: “We can’t waste our time looking…”
解題思路: 題目中的research activity和原文中的scientific questions 屬於同義表達，定位答題區域，發現此句話所要表達的意思是不在一些飄渺的、不切實際的科學問題上浪費時間，也就是說要縮小研究的範圍。
Question 4
答案：F
關鍵詞：AIS ideas reproduce/ copying
定位原文: F段第1句話 “Of course, there’s nothing…”
解題思路: 題幹中的reproduce是複製的意思，之後從文章中發現句子有複製copying，即可以直接定位。
Question 5
答案：D
關鍵詞：Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor
定位原文: D段第6句“... to monitor heart rate…”
解題思路: 題幹提到理想成績的障礙是如何被調查研究的，而讀到對應句子之後看到正好是sensors(傳感器)對於運動員跑步的impact(影響)進行研究的儀器，而且obstacles和impact對應。
Question 6
答案：A
關鍵詞：Overview, funded support finance
定位原文: A段倒數第2句 “nces programmes of excellence…”
解題思路: finances是解題關鍵，意思爲資助，正好跟題幹中funded support表達了相同的義項，直接對應。而且之後一句話提及以上項目所提供的服務和建議，可以確信答案。
Question 7
答案：E
關鍵詞：Calculated before an event/ using data, well before a championship
定位原文: E段第1句、第2句 “Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, ...”
解題思路: 首先通過well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到E段， 之後發現後面提及的“競爭模型”作用就是計算時間和速率，因此內容對應上calculate，此時可斷定答案的位置。
Question 8
答案：A
關鍵詞: digital cameras
定位原文: C段倒數第3句: “ system now used in Australian national…”
解題思路: 前一句已經提到該系統已廣泛應用於澳大利亞各項全國賽事之中，而沒有提到其他國家，因此可以判斷應該只有澳大利亞人在使用。
Question 9
答案：B
關鍵詞：sensor
定位原文: D段第7句：“ the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro…”
解題思路: 找到相同對應詞sensor，讀其前後的句子，發現有 Melbourne，斷定是澳大利亞人的發明。之後要特別留心動詞develop運用現在進行時，表示正在開發;而且注意之後的定語從句採用了將來時，所以可以斷定此發明還沒有完成，應該屬於將來的成果。因此選擇B。
Question 10
答案: A
關鍵詞：protein
定位原文: D段倒數第4句: “… AIS and the University of Newcastle…”
解題思路: 非常容易在前面第一句話中找到跟題目protein tests所對應的詞語a test ein。之後細讀前後句，發現後面一句話對於此項科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS運動員，即澳大利亞體育學院的運動員，隸屬於澳大利亞，所以應該選擇A。
Question 11
答案：C
關鍵詞: altitude tent
定位原文: F段倒數第2句: “The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent ’…”
解題思路: 文章中很容易找到用引號括起來的題目中的名詞短語，因此只要細心讀原句，就會發現開頭的‘The same has happened...’同樣的事情也發生在……根據經驗應該順着文章向上追溯，發現跟‘altitude tent’相同情況的是1996年奧運會上澳大利亞人受益的流線型散熱運動服現在全世界都在用。因此 ‘altitude tent’也被世界各國應用。所以答案應該選擇C。且根據此段話大意可以瞭解文章只提到兩種研究成果被別國運用，即髙原帳蓬和流線型散熱服。所以可以間接判斷前三項成果是由澳大利人獨享的。
Question 12
答案： (a)competition model
關鍵詞： help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing
定位原文: E段第1句“Using data…”
解題思路: Help an athlete plan their performance 對應上prepare the athlete by之後，要認真研究題目所問的是what is produced,斷定所作答案必定要填一個名詞。因此要細讀原文發現有單詞developing恰與produced相對應，中文意思是“開發”，則答案必定是開發之後的名詞。
Question 13
答案： (by)2 percent/%
關鍵詞： 19% Olympic Games, cyclists, improve
定位原文: F段第3句“At the Atlanta…”
解題思路: 分析問句是 ‘By how much... improve’，意思爲“提高了多少”，可以判斷出答案需要寫一個數字。因此仔細閱讀相關語句找到 sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘and rowers’ time。很快就可以找到數字百分之二。
Test 1 Passage 2
Question 14
答案：I
關鍵詞：suggestion, in the future /would help
定位原文: I 段最後1句“Bringing these barriers down would help…”
解題思路: 首先看到題幹中有明確的時間詞“在未來”。根據段意，可以判定應該是文章的最後一段。之後看題幹中的定位詞suggestion表示建議，在文章結尾部分的最後一句話，可以清楚地找到它是作者對於提高貿易的一個建議，完全對應。
Question 15
答案： F
關鍵詞：electronic delivery/ telephone
定位原文: F段第3句“ly by transmitting…”
解題思路: 題幹中提到電子式的傳遞，很容易跟文章關於信息產業的F段掛鉤，之後再細讀本段第二句話就可以找到與題幹相對應的 telephone。因此，答案是F段。
Question 16
答案： E
關鍵詞：similar cost Abroad, local/ Singapore, domestic
定位原文: E段倒數第2句“… manufacturers in Japan or Texas…”
解題思路: 題幹是說“無論是國際還是國內的，在運輸貨物環節的相近成本。”也就是說國內的運輸和國際的運輸成本基本相同，間接表明國際運輸成本比較低。而文章中此句話的意思是“即使從新加坡進口磁盤驅動器而不是在國內市場購買，日本或美國得克薩斯州的計算機制造商們也不會面對花費高出很多的運費賬單”。可以看出製造商們不用花費很高的運費，正好跟題幹相應。
Question 17
答案：D
關鍵詞：Weakening relationship, value of goods, cost of delivery/unrelated to
定位原文: D段第2句“d output has shifted into goods…”
解題思路: 題乾的weakening relationship(弱化的關係)，跟文章unrelated to (不相關的)屬於同義表達，描述的問題是商品價值和運輸成本的關係。
Question 18
答案： TRUE
關鍵詞：international trade, world economy
定位原文: A段第2句“... global economy has been expanding…”
解題思路: 非常明顯，twice是題眼，表示trade是global economy的兩倍，所以看出國際貿易要比世界經濟增長快很多，正好對應上定位詞和題幹。
Question 19
答案： FALSE
關鍵詞：cheap labour
定位原文: B段最後1句“Cheap labour may make Chinese…”
解題思路: 此題找到對應段落，正好cheap labour用詞一樣。之後文章儘管說廉價勞動力使得中國紡織品在美國具有競爭力，但要注意轉折詞‘but’，它使意思發生轉變。後面的句子可以看出，如果沒有好的、及時的運輸，那麼貿易也就失去了優勢(lose advantages)。因此正好是駁斥了題幹中關於廉價勞動力對於貿易的保證關係，因此題干與文章的意思不相符。
Question 20
答案: NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：Japan，France
定位原文: C段第1句“culture and manufacturing…”
解題思路: 文章中C段正好有對應的法國和日本。但文章原義是“農業和製造業幾乎曾是各地最重要的兩大行業，其比重佔德 國、意大利和法國總產量的約70%，以及美國、英國和日本總產量的40%~50%。”提到法 國比日本多的是農業和製造業的總產量，可文中並沒有提及關於肉類和鋼鐵的進口問題。此題是典型的題不對文，因此應該選擇NOT GIVEN。
Question 21
答案：TRUE
關鍵詞：trade with nearby nations
定位原文: D段第1句“Countries still trade disproportionately…”
解題思路: 定位句譯文是“各國仍然將重點放在與鄰國的貿易往來上”。其中geographic neighbours與nearby nations對應，still和continue也對應。句子意思也跟題幹意思完全吻合，因此此題應該選擇TRUE。
Question 22
答案： NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞： small computer components
定位原文: E段第2句“Most of the world’s disk-drive…”
解題思路: 首先確定小的電腦零件只能在E和F段來找，而根據E段提供的信息，大部分的電腦配件之一——硬盤都在東南亞生產。而並沒有提到電腦零件在德國生產，因此文章中沒有提及，既不肯定也不否定在德國生產小的電腦零件。因此答案應該是NOT GIVEN。
Question 23
答案：G
關鍵詞：significant effect on, business of moving freight, increasingly streamlined
定位原文: E段第1句“To see how this influences trade…”
解題思路: 找到E段開頭句‘To see how this influences trade’，可以知道是承接上一段貨物類型轉變與運輸關係的。因此跟 business of moving freight becomes increasingly streamlined對應，而且兩個詞語effect和influence表達相同意義，因此可以選擇influences後面的trade(貿易)作爲答案。而題幹詞庫中正好有trade一詞，可以直接選擇答案G。
Question 24
答案：B
關鍵詞：computers, for instance, / overseas, rather than, local
定位原文: E段倒數第2句: “.. in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger...”
解題思路: 根據語法，此處要求填寫一個名詞。而題幹附近有一個很明顯的關鍵詞‘for instance’，典型的舉例題，而且根據之前的computers就可以定位在E段，因爲E段核心是一個例子。之後就很容易地可以填出應該是電腦的硬盤及divers。但是答案選項裏面卻沒有，只能選擇相關的髙一級的詞彙components。
Question 25
答案：C
關鍵詞：introduction
定位原文: G段第2句“But, behind the…”
解題思路: 根據空格前面的introduction可以推出需要填寫的是一種方法或者科研成果。而根據上下文和題目關係以及定位詞找到在G段第二句話中，有 cargo-handling與之對應。之後看到斜體字中即爲兩種方法，集裝箱運輸和多式聯運，那麼可以判斷innovations和introduction相對應。而且答案應該跟container有關，答案應該填寫C。
Question 26
答案：A
關鍵詞： governments
定位原文: H段第3句的“National governments…”
解題思路: 用government可以快速定位在H段，而且根據題幹中所涉及的domestic cargo sector可以和 truck and railroad對應，因此答案就在這句話中，通過分析，題目的空格應該是填寫“降低”的賓語。而國家應該降低原文句中的tariffs(關稅)。因此答案選擇A。
Test 1 Passage 3
Question 27
答案：i
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: B段倒數第2句“…they believe their best hope of…”
解題思路: B段主要介紹了因紐特人不滿足於自己袖手旁觀而讓外國專家們告知他們北極的現狀，他們要把祖先的知識和現代科技進行結合來解決環境變化問題。很明顯可以看出，這是對於環境變化的一種反應和對策。因此答案爲i。
Question 28
答案： vi
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: C段第1句“The Canadian Arctic…”
解題思路: C段詳細地描述了位於加拿大北極圈裏面的地貌，而且還提及了因紐特人的祖先頑強地適應了下來並定居在這片土地上。因此逐個分析答案可以看到只有vi符合原段意思。
Question 29
答案： iii
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: D段後半部分：food / clothing / provisions / meat
解題思路: 此段重點描述了過去因紐特人依靠自然提供食物和衣服，而現在則是更加先進的飛機和船運進口必需品，所以可以看出一個轉變的過程。縱觀題幹，不難看出答案是iii，即生活必需品的替代的來源。
Question 30
答案：vii
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: E段第1句“... there has certainly been an impact on peopled health.”
解題思路: 首先E段開頭用while，則可判斷主題句應該在後半句。意思是這些氣候變化會對人們的健康有影響。通過下一句的舉例：肥胖，心臟病和糖尿病就可以判斷出是一個負面的影響那麼對應題幹negative effect，故答案是 vii。
Question 31
答案：iv
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: F段第一句和引言句“... the Inuit are determined to play a key role in …in the Arctic. / recent years, IQ… weight.”
解題思路: F段首句提出了因紐特人決定在應對北極環境變化要起關鍵作用。後面第五行的一句話，說“IQ已經逐漸顯示出其可信度和重要性。”因此可以確定與答案iv相對應：對於因紐特人的意見和痤議越來越尊重。故答案是 iv。
Question 32
答案：ii
關鍵詞：段落匹配題，暫無關鍵詞
定位原文: G段第3句“There are still huge gaps…”
解題思路: 通過對於主題句進行分析，前半句提出觀電，後半句給予說明。所以，作者本段的觀點應該是“我們的環境知識還很匱乏”。gaps in knowledge很容易跟題幹ii選項中的 understanding limited對應，因此斷定答案選擇ii。
Question 33
答案： farming
關鍵詞：Canadian Arctic
定位原文: C段第3句“Farming is out of the question…”
解題思路: 此空格要求填一個名詞，因爲engage in表示“參與”的意思，後面in應該跟名詞。看題目中填空的附近有一個impossible，表示否定。這樣帶着目的去閱讀C 段文章，可以找到這句話。根據分析，文章中的out of question和題目中impossible對應，因此可以找到 out of question的主語即farming就是我們需要的答案，而且說engage in farming符合常理和語法規則。
Question 34 & Question 35
答案：sea mammals fish (in either order)
關鍵詞：catching, and
定位原文: C段第4句“iving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.”
解題思路: 首先看到and並列連詞，所以34和35題兩個是並列關係，這可以幫助我們找到答案。另外一點是可以判斷出34和35題要填寫名詞，做catching的賓語。這樣到文章中去對應可以找到這句話。看到exploiting和 catching完全對應，而且後面的兩個名詞是並列關係，所以可以說輕而易舉就找到了正確答案mammals和fish。關鍵的連詞如and等有的時候是解題的突破口。
Question 36
答案：Thule
關鍵詞：pushed limits
定位原文: C段第5句到C段結束“The environment tested … limits / group emerged …the Arctic environment. / These Thule people moved in from Alaska...”
解題思路: 由於空格附近是people，因此可以斷定空格處應該填一個形容詞。而且這類人是latter的一個example，而且是“後者的一個例子” 所以此題要通讀有空格的一句話和空格之前的一句話。可以看出要寫的一類人是成功生活在艱難環境中的。找到pushed limits 作爲定位詞，在文章中找到對應句子。但是答案，不在這裏，我們需要找到成功的人羣。因此繼續往下跟蹤，看到文章提到了成功的人羣，但直到最後才找到本題的正確答案。Thule人，注意要忠實原文，一定要大寫T。注意此題閱讀跨度比較大，很容易出錯，因此要細緻。
Question 37
答案： islands
關鍵詞：territory of Nunavut, / ice, rock
定位原文: D段第2句“Nunavut is 1.9 million square…”
解題思路: 題幹很明顯的定位詞Nunavut可以在文章的D段開頭找到。之後文章裏面出現了‘rock and ice，and a handful of islands’，這樣答案很清晰地和題幹對應上，因此直接填上islands就可以了。特別要注意的是，題幹空格前面用‘a few of’來修飾，因此後面空格里必須是複數。
Question 38
答案：nomadic
關鍵詞：in recent years / been obliged to give up / lifestyle
定位原文: D段第4句“Over the past 40 years, most…”
解題思路: 題幹中提及被迫放棄什麼生活方式，因此要求填一個形容詞來修飾生活方式lifestyle。而時間狀語in recent years是關鍵定位詞。繼續37題往下讀。可以看到一個時間狀語over the past 40 years正好跟我們的in recent years對應，而abandon與give up，ways和lifestyle。相對應，答案已經找到，即abandon後面的賓語ways的修飾語nomadic。
Question 39
答案： nature
關鍵詞：depend on food and clothes
定位原文: D段最後一句的最後半句“ they still rely nature to…”
解題思路: 題幹很短，但已經足夠判斷出depend on後面需要填寫一個名詞，即依靠什麼東西。而後面的food and clothes是非常好的定位詞。很快在文章中就可以找到對應depend on的rely on，而後面又有food and clothes，因此答案可以很清楚地判斷出rely on的賓語就是答案，即nature。
Question 40
答案： Imported
關鍵詞: expensive
定位原文: D段最後5句話
解題思路: 通讀這五句話，整體把握大意。其中，會看到他們的日用品都需要用costly(昂貴的)航空運輸或者在夏天通過補給船運，costly對應expensive。後面就需要概括地去看所有這些必需品都是要進口的，也就是imported(進口的)，而答案就是imported。首字母要大寫。
