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大多數人都是嚴以律人,寬以待己大綱

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要想理解歸因這個概念,我們來想象一下:一位新朋友和你約了喝咖啡,但後來取消了這次計劃。你會認爲是有什麼不可抗的事情發生了呢?還是認爲這個新朋友自己有問題呢?那些研究歸因的心理學家關注的就是你會如何回答這個問題。

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Edward Jones and Keith Davis developed the correspondent inference theory. This theory suggests that if someone behaves in a socially desirable way, we do not tend to infer much about them as a person.
愛德華·瓊斯和吉斯·戴維斯則發展出了一套理論:相互推測理論。這個理論認爲:如果一個人表現出來的行爲是社會希望看到的,我們就不會對這個人本身做出太多推測。

For example, if you ask your friend for a pencil and she gives one to you, you are not likely to infer much about your friend's character from the behavior, because most people would do the same thing in a given situation—it is the socially desirable response.
比如,你向你的一個朋友借一支鉛筆,而她借給你了,你就不會因爲這個行爲而對你朋友的性格做出太多推測,因爲大部分人在這個情況下都會這麼做,這是社會期望看到的行爲。

However, if your friend refuses to allow you to borrow a pencil, you are likely to infer something about her innate characteristics due to this socially undesirable response.
而如果你的朋友拒絕借給你鉛筆,你就可能開始對她的性格進行推測了,因爲這種行爲是社會不希望看到的。

Also according to this theory, we do not tend to conclude much about an individual's internal motivation if they’re acting in a particular social role.
這個理論還指出,如果一個人做出的行爲是符合他的社會角色的,那我們通常也不會對他的動機做太多推測。

For example, a salesperson might be friendly and outgoing at work, but because such a demeanor is part of the job requirements, we will not attribute the behavior to an innate characteristic.
比如,一名售貨員工作時可能表現得友好又外向,但這是他們工作的要求,所以我們也不會把這些行爲和他們本人的性格掛鉤。
另一方面,如果一個人做出的行爲並不是一個社交場景中的典型行爲,我們就更可能把他們的行爲歸因於他們自身的性格。

比如,如果我們看到一個人在一個喧鬧的環境中表現得很安靜,那我們通常就會認爲他們是內向的人。

當我們試圖判斷別人的意圖時,我們並不總是準確的。實際上,心理學家們已經發現了兩種常見的主要誤差。

Fundamental Attribution Error, 基本歸因謬誤

which refers to the tendency to over-emphasize the role of personal traits in shaping behaviors. For example, if someone is rude to you, you may assume that they’re generally a rude person, rather than assuming that they were under stress that day.
它指的是過於看重個人特質在塑造行爲時的作用。比如,如果一個人對你很粗魯,你可能會認爲這就是個粗魯的人,而不會想他們當天可能承受了壓力。
Self-Serving Bias, 自利性偏差

which refers to the tendency to give ourselves credit when things go well, but blame the situation or bad luck when things go poorly. What’s notable is that: according to recent research, people who are experiencing depression may not show the self-serving bias, and may even experience a reverse bias.
它指的是,當事情順利的時候把功勞歸於自己,而在事情不順利的時候把原因歸於環境和運氣。值得注意的是:根據最新的研究,患有自閉症的人可能不會發生自利性偏差,他們甚至會出現完全相反的現象。

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