領導的數量太多 會使得工作效率低下

Who's the boss? Many workers say they have more than one, and that's causing frustration and confusion in the office.
誰纔是老闆？許多員工表示自己的老闆不止一個，這造成了職場中的困惑以及沮喪。

More than two-thirds of employees around the world say they have to consult with more than one boss to get their jobs done, according to a Gartner survey, and nearly as many waste significant amounts of time waiting for guidance from senior leaders.
Gartner Inc.的一項調查結果顯示，在來自世界各地的受訪者中，逾三分之二的公司職員表示自己在完成工作任務時必須向不止一個老闆徵詢意見，而認爲自己在等待上級領導指示時，浪費了大量時間的職員佔比也接近這一水平。

The lack of clear goals has caused some employees to try to manage their managers.
由於缺乏清晰的目標，部分職員必須反過來嘗試“管理”他們的管理者。

A few years ago at a prior job, Girish Rishi had a boss who got distracted by every minor crisis or triumph, leading to "whiplash" for his subordinates, says Mr. Rishi, now chief executive of JDA Software.
JDA軟件集團高管吉里什·瑞希稱，在幾年前的上一份工作中，他的老闆總是因一些小得小失而分心，導致下屬們忽東忽西，無所適從。

"If there was news about a competitor, it would take up half your day," he says. "If there was a customer win, the celebration would go on too long. Focusing on structure and priorities was missing."
他表示：“如果出現了關於某個競爭對手的新聞報道，這會耗上你半天時間。如果簽下了一個客戶，慶祝的時間往往持續得過長。對架構和優先次序的關注不復存在。”

Mr. Rishi says he tried his best to insulate his team from the chaos. He also developed his own management system based around efficiency.
瑞希稱，當時他盡全力讓自己的團隊避開這種混亂局面。他還圍繞效率的提升創建了一套自己的管理體系。

At JDA, a maker of supply-chain software, he requires meetings to be intensely focused and only eight or 30 minutes long, and he asks participants to submit materials 48 hours in advance.
在JDA公司，他要求各會議高度緊湊，且只持續8分鐘或30分鐘，同時他要求與會者提前48小時提交材料。

While that isn't always possible, Mr. Rishi says, he finds that for roughly 70% of all meetings, "people come prepared, they've summarized their thoughts and they've given us adequate information."
雖然不可能次次盡善盡美，但瑞希表示，他發現在約70%的會議上，“大家都有備而來、闡述核心觀點且言簡意賅。”

Bosses now manage, on average, nine direct reports, up from five in 2008, according to Gartner, which can spread leaders so thin that they don't have a close grasp of what their employees are doing.
根據Gartner提供的數據，目前各企業管理人員平均每人管理九名直接下屬，較2008年的五名大幅增長。在這種情況下，管理者們分身乏術，無法詳細掌握下屬們工作情況。

Only about 35% of employees surveyed in the Gartner poll last year say their manager understands their day-to-day work.
在接受Gartner調查的企業職員中，僅有約35%的人認爲上司瞭解自己的日常工作情況。

"Managers are less likely to provide good feedback and coaching when they don't understand what that employee's workflow is," says Brian Kropp, human-resources-practice leader at Gartner.
Gartner公司人力資源管理實踐負責人布萊恩·克洛普指出：“在不瞭解員工日常工作流程的情況下，管理者們提供有效反饋和指導的可能性有所降低。”