謊言重複一百遍，是不是自己也會信？大綱

Can groups of people "remember" something that didn't happen?
一羣人在一起能“記住”沒發生過的事？

來自新學院大學心理學教授William Hirst的回答：

WE KNOW THAT IT’S RELATIVELY EASY to implant memories. We also know that once a memory has been implanted the process continues and there are studies on what’s called updating. Take the case of false news about the Iraq War early on which was discovered to be false; in one study if you were in Germany or Australia you were likely to update the information, but if you were American you weren’t as likely to update the information. So for some people, even if you were told a fact was wrong, you would still remember the previous incorrect fact. This suggests that memory is schema consistent, so if something fits into the way you think things should be it, you don’t easily revise the memory once it’s been formed.
我們都知道植入記憶很容易，而且一旦一段記憶被植入了，這一過程還會繼續，有過關於記憶更新的研究。以伊拉克戰爭虛假新聞爲例，這一新聞很早就被發現有誤。一項研究發現身在德國或澳大利亞有可能更新信息，但美國人就不會更新信息，所以對於一些人來說，即使被告知一件事是錯的，仍會記住此前的錯誤事實。這表明記憶模式是不變的，所以如果某件事符合你的預計，記憶一旦形成就不容易更改。

A schema is sort your organized representation of the world. When something fits into your view of the world, you’re primed to absorb that information. If it’s mildly inconsistent, it sort of stands and becomes memorable. But if it’s too inconsistent then it slips away. In terms of groups talking together, studies suggest that false memories are more likely to arise in a group discussion than individually because there is more chance of somebody offering a false memory which can then be implanted. However, if somebody in the group says “no that’s not true”, that will mitigate the influence. But for groups with a strong shared interest, like Trump supporters, they’re less likely to dispute one another and therefore it’s less likely for their memories to be updated.
模式就是你對世界有條理的看法。某件事符合你的世界觀時，你就容易接受這一信息。如果有一點點不符，你就有些抗拒，記憶會變得難忘。但如果相去甚遠，這個記憶就會消失。再說說羣體聊天，研究表明羣體聊天比個人談話更容易產生錯誤記憶，因爲你更可能被灌輸別人提供的錯誤記憶。然而，如果人羣中有人說：“不，那不是真的”，你所受的影響會降低。但對於有着強烈共同興趣的羣體而言，比如特朗普的支持者們，他們就不太可能懷疑彼此，因此他們不大可能會更新記憶。

From all the evidence, memory is not like a tape recorder. There’s not really a “truth” to memory. What Frederic Bartlett said is that memory is a continuous reconstruction. And what guides your reconstruction? Your view of the world. Your current view of the world, your current attitudes, allow you to reconstruct your own past to be consistent with your present self. We’re constantly reshaping our memory to essentially reinforce our present attitudes.
所有證據表明記憶並非錄音機，記憶中沒有真正的“事實”，Frederic Bartlett（英國心理學家）說過記憶是反覆重建的過程，那是什麼在引導這一過程呢？是你的世界觀。你現在的世界觀和現在的態度使你重建以往的記憶以適應現在的自己。我們不斷重塑記憶從本質上來堅定自己目前的態度。

Also, every time we remember things, we’re selective. Our memories are to a large extent determined by our interactions with others, and by others I mean other people, media, and other external factors. Our memory is not only our own, but also that of all we interact with.
而且每次我們記憶時都是有選擇性的。我們的記憶在很大程度上是由我們與其他事物的互動決定的，其他事物指的是其他人、媒體和其他外在因素。我們的記憶不僅包括自己的，還包括所有和我們互動的人的記憶。