糟糕的親子關係會“妨礙學習”

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The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought, a report suggests.

The Sutton Trust study says children's early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak, learn and think.

Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security, it says.

And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds.

The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment - a key theory in child development and psychology.

This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded.

But the report from the Sutton Trust education charity, entitled Baby Bonds, makes the case that it has an important impact on children's future educational chances as well as their emotional well-being.

It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue, including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries.

The trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory, it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment. And it asks them to take this into account.

The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds - known as secure attachment - they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behaviour before they reach school.

And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life, with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training.

They are also more likely to suffer from aggression, defiance and hyperactivity later in life.

The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents.

Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found, from their observations, that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations.

She added: "Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behaviour. These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning.

"It's really only as we understand more about these behaviour problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents."

Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said: "Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility, as there is such a clear link to education, behaviour and future employment.

"The educational divide emerges early in life, with a 19-month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five.

"This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children's life chances.

"More support from health visitors, children's centres and local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap."薩頓信託基金會（The Sutton Trust）的一份報告指出，良好的親子關係對孩子日後的教育學習影響重大，遠超以往預期。

研究發現，嬰幼兒與父母的親子關係會對他們日後的讀、寫以及思辨能力產生深遠影響。

報告指出，那些缺乏安全感的父母很難給予孩子關懷。

報告指出，基金會呼籲多方的關注，幫助父母們認識到親子關係的重要性。

基金會主要採用依戀理論（theory of attachment）進行研究——該理論在兒童成長與心理學領域頗爲著名。

研究重點關注了依附理論，孩子小時候與父母的關係如何，決定了他們在成長過程中能否擁有安全感以及積極樂觀的心態。

但英國慈善教育機構薩頓信託基金會在題爲《嬰兒的情感紐帶》報告中指出，親子關係除了會影響孩子的心態以外，還會他們日後的學習生活，

該結論是基於對於100多項研究的分析得出的，這其中包括對各國兒童所進行的家訪、行爲評估以及觀察。

研究人員認爲，儘管心理學家對依附理論有所關注，但決策者並未將這一理論與學習機能聯繫在一起，希望有關部門能採納這一研究成果。

報告指出，孩子在嬰幼兒時期若是與父母的關係不甚良好——也就是缺乏安全型依附——那麼入學前，這些孩子的語言及行爲能力可能會表現得差一些。

報告引用了世界各國的研究，研究表明親子關係會對孩子日後的生活產生影響，與同齡人相比，那些缺乏安全感的孩子更可能輟學或逃避就業。

缺愛的孩子長大後還可能更叛逆，更有攻擊性，更加多動。

薩頓信託基金會的研究表明，英國大約有40%的孩子無法無法從父母處獲得安全感。