英語中的外來語（依地語＆西班牙語）
依地語
You may not have ever heard of Yiddish, but it’s a Germanic language that’s especially common among Jewish people with Eastern European roots. Today it’s mostly spoken in Israel, Eastern Europe and some parts of the United States where Jewish families settled.
你可能沒聽說過依地語，但它是一種日耳曼語言，在源起東歐的猶太人中特別常見。如今多在以色列、東歐和美國部分猶太家庭定居的地區使用。
Because of historical immigration, some Yiddish words may be more common in American English than British English. Also, since it is a Germanic language, many Yiddish words are similar or even the same as German words.
由於歷史遷移，相對於英式英語，一些依地語詞彙可能在美式英語中更爲常見。而且，因爲它是一種日耳曼語言，許多依地語詞彙和德語詞彙相似，甚至相同。
1. Glitch
小故障，小毛病
A glitch describes a small problem, but usually it’s a problem that doesn’t make it impossible to finish something.
小故障表示小問題，但通常是那種影響整個事情進展的問題。
例句:
I planned to go downtown to meet with Betty, but I ran into a glitch: The bus wasn’t running because it was a holiday. So I just took a taxi instead.
我計劃去市中心和貝蒂會面，但是我遇到了一個小問題：公交車因爲假期停運了，所以我只好乘坐出租車。
2. Klutz
木頭人，不靈巧的人
A klutz is a person who is very uncoordinated or clumsy. In other words, klutzes often have accidents and break things.
笨手笨腳的人是指肢體非常不協調或笨拙的人。換言之，他們經常闖禍，打壞東西。
例句:
My cousin Charlotte is a real klutz. Every time she goes into a souvenir shop, she always seems to break two or three things, and then she has to pay for them!
我的堂姐夏洛特真是笨手笨腳的。每次她去紀念品商店，總會打碎兩三樣東西，然後不得不賠償！
3. Spiel
流利誇張地演說
In Yiddish (and German), this word can mean “play,” but in English it’s used to describe a quick speech or story which has usually been said/told many times. Often the spiel tries to convince you of something.
在依地語（和德語）中，這個單詞可以表示演奏，但是在英語中它用來描述一個被講述過許多次的快速演講或故事。通常這個演講是爲了努力說服你某件事情。
例句:
My uncle Thomas believes a lot of conspiracy theories. When we ate Thanksgiving dinner, he did his whole spiel about how the government is controlled by lizard people!
我的叔叔湯瑪斯非常迷信。當我們享用感恩節大餐時，他整個過程都在講述政府是如何被惡魔操控的！
4. Schmooze
閒談，閒聊
This is a verb that means to talk with someone in a very friendly way, often to gain some benefit for yourself.
這是個動詞，表示和某人非常友好地交談，通常是爲了給自己爭取某些福利。
例句:
At the meeting, the professors were schmoozing with the president of the club. They want his club to donate money to the university.
在會議上，教授們和俱樂部的主席閒聊，他們希望俱樂部能給學校捐些錢。
西班牙語
Like French, Spanish is another Latin-based language that has influenced English. A lot of this Spanish influence is especially noticeable in American English, so many of these words could be less common in British English.
和法語一樣，西班牙語是另一種以拉丁語爲基礎的語言，對英語產生了影響。西班牙語的影響在美式英語中尤爲顯著，所以有許多詞在英式英語中不很常見。
1. Guerrilla
游擊隊員
In Spanish, this word literally means “little war.” In both Spanish and English it can be used to describe an unofficial group of people fighting the government. In English, it’s most commonly used as an adjective, in phrases like “guerrilla warfare” or “guerrilla marketing.”
在西班牙語中，這個單詞字面上表示小型戰役。在西班牙和英語中它都可以用來描述一羣和政府抗戰的非正式組織人員。在英語中，它最常被用來做形容詞，用在短語中，如游擊戰、遊擊營銷。
Note that in Spanish, the “ll” sound is different than in English. As a result, in English this word sounds basically the same as “gorilla,” the animal.
注意在西班牙語種，“ll”的發音和英語中不同。所以，英語中的發音聽起來基本上和gorilla（猩猩）這個動物的讀音很像。
例句:
The guerrilla fighters took control of the capital of the country, which gave them control of the government.
游擊隊員控制了這個國家的首都，從而操控了政府。
2. Macho
男子漢，男子氣概
This word describes a person who is very strong or masculine. It can also be used to describe a person who is arrogant about his manhood. It’s also been used in the name of a professional wrestler and a popular disco song from the 1970s.
這個單詞描述一個非常健壯或陽剛氣的人，也可以用來描述一個對自己的男子氣質感到傲慢的人。它也被用在一個專業摔跤手的名字裏，和一首二十世紀七十年代流行的迪斯科歌曲中。
例句:
Peter is a real macho guy, but that’s annoying sometimes. He says that “real men don’t cry,” but I think he’s wrong.
皮特真是一個非常有男子氣概的人，但有時也讓人惱火。他說“真正的男人不流眼淚”。但我認爲他是錯的。
3. Patio
天井，庭院
In English, “patio” generally describes an area outside a house which often has a table and chairs, but no roof.
英語中，庭院通常描述房子外面的區域，那兒經常會有一張桌子和一些椅子，但是沒有屋頂。
例句:
It was very hot today, so we decided to go out to the patio to drink a cold glass of lemonade. There are some trees there, too, so the sun wasn’t as bad.
今天很熱，所以我們決定出去到庭院裏喝杯冷的檸檬飲料。那裏也有一些樹，所以太陽沒那麼毒辣。
4. Plaza
露天廣場
A plaza describes a public open area in a city, which can sometimes be called a “square.”
露天廣場描述城市裏一個露天的公共區域，有時候會被稱爲廣場。
“Plaza” is also used in the names of many shopping malls, corporate building areas or other large open areas. If you’re a native Spanish speaker, notice that the pronunciation in English has a vibrated “z” sound, not a soft “s.”
plaza也被用在許多購物商場、公司辦公樓或其他大型露天場所的名字裏。如果你的母語是西班牙語，注意英語中的發音裏有一個濁輔音z，而不是一個清輔音s。
例句:
Victoria needed to buy some Christmas presents for her friends, so she went downtown to the new shopping plaza to check out some of the stores that were recently opened.
維多利亞需要給朋友買一些聖誕禮物，所以她去市中心新開的購物廣場，逛一逛最近新開的商店。
5. Piñata
彩色禮品包
This is a happy word that describes a toy that is filled with candy. At parties, children take turns trying to break it open with a stick so the candy will fall out.
這是個快樂的單詞，用來描述裝滿糖果的玩具。聚會上，孩子們會依次嘗試用木棍打開它，這樣糖果會掉出來。
例句:
We had a birthday party for our 3-year-old boy, but we thought he was probably too young for a piñata. We thought all the kids would get hit in the head with the stick.
我們爲三歲的兒子舉行了一次生日宴會，但是我們認爲他可能年紀太小了，收不了彩色禮品包。我們認爲所有的孩子會被木棍打到頭。
6. Siesta
午睡，午休
A siesta is another name for “nap,” but it’s generally a nap that one takes in the middle of the day, especially after eating or while taking a break from work.
午睡是小睡的另一個說法，但它通常是中午的小睡，尤其是午飯過後或者是工作間隙的休息。
People often take siestas in hot countries because the middle of the day is when the heat is most intense. So it’s a good time to stay inside and sleep!
天氣熱的國家，人們經常在午睡，因爲中午是最熱的時候。所以很適合待在屋內睡覺。
例句:
Wow, since I ate that big plate of spaghetti, now I’m feeling super tired. I think I’ll take a quick siesta before I get back to work.
哇，由於我吃了一大盤意大利麪，現在我感到非常疲累。我認爲在回去工作前要先睡個午覺。
