託福寫作的7大原則要求
有些考生常常爲了託福獨立寫作而苦惱，總是沒有寫作思路、抓不到重點或者字數寫不夠。怎麼辦呢?同學們要重視託福獨立寫作要求，進行詳細的分析，然後制定備考計劃，下面是小編整理的託福獨立寫作要求及七大原則介紹。
託福寫作的7大原則及要求
打開《託福官方指南》，你會看到，ETS在“組織”上提到了三個關鍵詞“Unity統一性，Progression漸進性, Coherence連貫性”。這是出題官方機構對託福獨立寫作文章架構上的全部要求。什麼是統一性?就是說你找到的分論點和你通篇的總觀點是一個方向的，不能一會同意，一會不同意。即分論點要指向總論點。同時，所有的論據都必須指向論點。第二個，漸進性，指的就是找到的論點必須要有層次性，不能寫三段都是都在同一個層面說事情，而應該層層推進。最後一點，連貫性。指的是兩部分，一個是形式上的，就是要適當運用一些連接詞，把句子和句子或者段與段直接連接起來，這樣看起來比較一氣呵成。第二是內容上，也就是論證的時候，不管用什麼論證方式，說理還是舉例，還是說理+舉例，都要有一條清晰連貫的邏輯線隱含在裏面，讓考官可以很順暢的看完通篇。
下面是三立教育小編提供的託福獨立寫作考試的七大原則：
1. 審題，抓關鍵詞，關鍵詞多爲名詞和形容詞，最重要的是一些限定詞。全文都要圍繞題目展開論述，緊緊扣題。
2. 文章結構最好爲四段式，字數400字以上。
3. 理由段落結尾 進行段落點睛。
4. 理由段論證一定要體現嚴密的邏輯，思維不能跳躍。
5. 切忌大量模板，尤其在論證過程中出現大量繁瑣的沒有實質內容的模板句。
6. 學會發散思維，不要就事論事。
7. 短期與長期
短期(目標分24分以下)，靠思路/邏輯思維提分;長期(基礎好，目標24分以上的)要修煉高級詞彙&長難句。
託福寫作中需要關注的六個答題點
1.據說，託福作文裏不能用“you”，這是真的嗎?
第二人稱人稱代詞“you”在託福寫作中不是一點不能用，但是也並不提倡使用。學術性文章裏對語言風格的要求可能因人而異，按照嚴格的要求，人稱代詞(“personal pronouns”)是不應使用的，如“I, we, you, they”等等，不使用人稱代詞，你的文章看上去就十分的正式和客觀。因此，如果你將來遇到的教授比較嚴格或保守的話，可能會要求你改掉所有有人稱代詞的句子。
託福寫作相比於學術論文還是沒有那麼正式的，但是內容也是比較正式的，因此，第二人稱代詞“you”還是不用或儘量少用爲好，人稱和第三人稱就都是可接受的了。如果你有常寫“you”的習慣，不妨每次將它改爲“we”、“people”或“one”。
語法要點：託福作文中儘量少用或不用第二人稱代詞(“you”、“your”、“yours”等)，改爲第三人稱或人稱。
2.“amounts of”和“numbers of”的用法一樣嗎?
一個同學在作文裏寫了“amounts of people have the opportunity to work at home nowadays”這樣的句子。也有很多同學寫過“a great amount of historical buildings”或“the amount of printed books”這樣的表達。他們往往將“amounts of”或“an amount of”當成了“a lot of”或“lots of”的替代表達。
“a lot of”或“lots of”一般來說的確不太適合用在書面表達中，但是它們修飾的名詞可以是可數名詞，也可以是不可數名詞，因此用不着多做考慮。然而，用“an amount of”或“amounts of”來修飾的名詞，根據標準用法的要求，應該修飾物質名詞(如water)或抽象名詞(如pain)，也就是不可數的名詞。因此，用它們來修飾“people”、“buildings”這樣的可數名詞是不正確的。那麼，什麼量詞用來修飾可數名詞呢?“a number of”或“numbers of”，如：“a large number of cars”。
語法要點：“an amount of”或“amounts of”用在不可數名詞前面，而“a number of”或“numbers of”用在可數名詞前面。其區別基本相當於“many”和“much”的區別。
3.“between”後面能接兩個以上的事物或人物嗎?
“between”和“among”有什麼區別也是大家常問的一個問題。有這樣的說法：“between”表示“兩者之間”，後面應該接兩個事物或人物;“among”表示“多者之間”，後面接三個及其以上的事物或人物。
事實上，在地道的英文文獻中，“between”後面放n多個事物或人物也是常見到的。那麼，“between”和“among”兩個介詞的意思區別在哪兒呢?“between”更爲強調多個事物或人物中相互之間“一對一”的關係，如“the conflicts between the three kingdoms”，“among”則更有“羣體感”，強調所有個體之間存在的東西，如“the feeling among the test takers”。
語法要點：儘管“between”常用來表示“在...兩者之間”，它的後面也是可以接三個或更多的事物或人物的。
4.“such as”和“like”能彼此替代嗎?
“such as”和“like”都是常用來完成舉例的介詞。它們之間是可以互相替換的，不管後面是一個例子還是多個例子。使用它們的時候，要在“such as”或“like”的前文寫一個較大範圍的概念(如cities)，然後“such as”和“like”後面寫這個較大概念範圍下的具體例子(如“Beijing and New York”)。我們既可以寫“cities like Beijing and New York”，也可以寫“cities such as Beijing and New York”，而且後者還可以變成“such cities as Beijing and New York”的樣子。
語法要點：你可以將“such as”和“like”進行替換，不用擔心後面所舉例子的數量。
5.“people”能改寫成“persons”嗎?
如果本該寫“people”的地方寫成“persons”，會讓英美國家的讀者感到不舒服，如“Li Na’s story has inspired many persons”，就十分awkward，應該改成“Li Na’s story has inspired many people”。
傳統語法有這樣的說法：如說明特定人數時，用“persons”較合適，如“five persons”;如無特定人數，則“people”較好，如“many people”。不過，現在“people”前面加具體數字的做法已經被普遍接受了，如“five people”。倒是反過來“many persons”或“a large number of persons”看上去十分不合適。
語法要點：寫作時不應用“persons”作爲“people”的替換寫法。“人們”寫成“people”是合適的。
6.“so”和“so that”的意思是一樣的嗎?
經常看到同學們在要寫“so”的地方寫成“so that”，如：“Nowadays parents are extremely busy in their work so that they do not have enough time to communicate with their children”。這個句子如果按照現在寫成的樣子翻譯，意思就成了“如今的父母工作十分忙碌，就是爲了讓他們沒有時間和自己的孩子交流。”很顯然，這不是作者想表達的意思，這個“so that”的使用是錯誤的。
“so”是表因果關係的連詞，可以翻譯成“所以”，其後面的句子是上文的結果，如“It was late, so we stayed at her place for the night”。“so that”的意思則等同於“in order that”，意思是“爲了...”，指爲了達到一個特定的目的而做某事，比如這個句子“I’ve tried to hide my feeling so that no one knows, but I guess it shows”，翻譯過來就是“我試着去掩蓋我的情緒，爲了不讓人發現，但它流露了出來”。
語法要點：“so”表示上文的結果，“so that”表示上文中的行爲的目的，兩者是有根本區別的。
託福寫作中的常見審題誤區
審題，是寫作的步，卻經常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只着眼於如何寫出漂亮的句子和高級的詞彙，而沒有搞清寫作的本質--考察學生針對某一話題進行準確連貫表述的能力。這也是爲什麼很多同學雖然英語不弱，在托福考試的獨立部分中卻只能拿到fair或good當中較低的4分。那麼，到底怎樣才能更加容易地拿到獨立寫作的滿分呢?筆者今天將通過列舉以往考過的真題進行解析，告訴大家如何審題，換句話說，如何使高分變得更加achievable。
審題誤區 忽略關鍵詞
同學們考寫作考了這麼多年，大多數出題的形式都已爛熟於心，看到題目之後覺得熟悉於是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實，這種看似"熟練"的表象下藏着巨大的隱患--同學們很有可能因爲看得太快而忽略某個決定題目意思的關鍵詞。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個題目，同學們立刻會開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條如：1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever. 綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個寫法看起來非常完備，但其實犯了一個不起眼卻嚴重的錯誤--題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們去證明it is not the only main cause。多一個"main"，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那麼找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明。或者，更簡單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the onlymain cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學們用後一種方式進行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應該是：1、1. People's tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertising encourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個題目，很多同學會可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take morespecializedcourses(專業課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接着開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); icipating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接着開始論述，如果沒有實過習，在工作的時候是多麼地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着開始論述good social skills對職業和生活的幫助).如果不看括號裏的內容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號中的論述從嚴格意義上來講，是不能支持"more"這個關鍵詞的。舉個簡單的例子："我們需要錢"和"我們需要更多錢"在證明的時候重點是不一樣的。如果證明"我們需要錢"，應該詳細
闡述錢的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、學習、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明"我們需要更多錢"，重點則應該放在"錢不夠"的論述上，證明在學習、生活、教育方面的預算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應該是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，詳細地去論述學校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學們在寫文章的時候一定要注意，學術論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個well-organized system，這個system中很重要的原則之二就是--1、每個中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence後面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個例子中，大家會發現例1的錯誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯誤在於topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內容可能跟關鍵詞"more"無關，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯誤的起因，則是對題幹中關鍵詞的忽略。
審題誤區NO.2 誤解關鍵詞
與忽略關鍵詞的人不同，有些同學過於執着於關鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背後的implication，從而被關鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關鍵詞，這種錯誤更常發生在細心且實力不錯的同學身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時候要靈活，不要拘泥於關鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary schooleducation than on university education.
題目的意思是說，比起投資大學教育，政府應該在小學教育上投入更多的資金。看到這個題，同學們會有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種--認爲university education應該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會發現證明任何一種觀點都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.
3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時候困難重重--個點裏說Pupils的數量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實，可是pupil人均所需要的經費卻肯定比university students少，關鍵的是，我們並沒有數據作爲支撐;第二點裏說校友或社會人士的支持使得大學在財政方便麪比小學要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個沒有數據就無法證明的觀點;第三點裏說elementary school education是university education的基礎所以前者就應當比後者得到更多的預算，這是一個典型的邏輯錯誤，因此在段落展開的時候將會十分困難。A是B的基礎並不意味着要爲A花更多的錢。總之，錢本身就是一個可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數據支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學之所以在寫的時候覺得自己的文章很牽強，就是因爲把該文當成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會給出數據讓我們來分析的。那麼，在沒有數據的情況下，這種題目該怎麼寫呢?找到money後面的implication很重要。其實，題目並不是要我們去討論哪種教育應該花更多的錢，而是讓我們去對比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea)I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn. 2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitive job market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and good communication skills.
(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education are both indispensableandirreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and they complete each other, it would be rigid tosay that anyone of them deserves more money than the other.
其實，審題僅僅是寫作考試的步，在這之後還有構思、尋找素材、語言表達等一系列步驟。在以後的文章中，筆者將會對這些內容進行詳細的論述，告訴大家如何寫出符合滿分要求又achievable的文章。後，附上筆者所作範文一篇(例2)，供大家參考。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
Colleges and universities are the very places where students prepare themselves for the competitive job market. They can take specialized courses, and they can participate in internships, and they can also attend club activities. Although universities and colleges have done much for students, there is still more they can do.
Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfy their need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. The enrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increased considerably over the past decades, but the quality and the quantity of teachers and professors are not improved that much. Many newly graduated students without any field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and students find it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain. Many students are disappointed by teachers who know nothing but reading books. Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experienced and qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students with what they really desire.
Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practice their social skills, but internships are always too short and club activities are not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior in university and she only had a two months' internship during her summer vacation. She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not take it seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or ordering meals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues or clients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend "active clubs" like Student Union, and member of other clubs seldom have opportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources, and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students more time for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supporting the Student Union only.
University students today are very lucky to have opportunities to increase their knowledge of their challenges in the future, but they are still not fully prepared. Measures should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have them well prepared for the fiercecompetition ahead.
託福寫作的7大原則及要求
