託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案passage30
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老託福閱讀文本 passage30
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
老託福閱讀題目 passage30
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word "striking" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word "exceed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word "generated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
老託福閱讀答案 passage30
DABCC CBCB
4個Tip攻克託福閱讀詞彙題
託福中的詞彙題是不是讓同學們的都很手足無措，可能新手考生還不太明白什麼是閱讀中的詞彙題，即選擇4個選項中和原文某一詞彙意義表達相同的選項，題目基本都爲The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ......爲什麼很多考生會對詞彙題束手無措?一方面是因爲考生的詞彙量達不到，OG中詞彙題的解釋裏有一句話，there is no "list of words" that must be tested. 這句話就告訴考生死了那條心去背所謂的大綱詞彙，因爲沒有大綱，而考試中要考查到的單詞可能是來自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一個單詞，範圍大的離譜;而另一方面則是因爲有的考生沒有學會從上下文或者從語法結構去猜測詞義。因爲OG中的解釋還有一句a word might have more than one meaning， but in the reading passage，only one of those meaning is relevant。 所以很有可能考生在考試中所碰到的詞彙並不是已經讓人熟知的第一詞義，而是要根據語境上下文推斷出的第二詞義甚至是第三詞義，所以又對考生做題增加了難度。最可悲的是不僅文章中的單詞意思不知道，連4個選項中的單詞都有不認識不熟悉的，這樣的結果就只能是亂猜一氣，聽天由命全憑運氣，當然考試結果也不會好。所以在此朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將給考生一點準備新託福閱讀考試詞彙題的建議和解題方法，希望能給考生攻克詞彙題給予一些幫助。
Tip 1: 單詞記憶
單詞記憶主要就是背單詞。背單詞是很多同學覺得非常痛苦的事情，經常會有學生來問藥怎麼背，背了一些又馬上忘了另外一些。所以關於如何去背單詞，在這裏有幾點建議：1、利用零散的時間背單詞。利用零散的時間背單詞可以使用單詞卡片。不過，爲了保證效率，首先要確定哪些單詞需要記憶。理論上，單詞量越多越好。實際上，如果一味貪多，結果容易打疲勞戰，而且效率低。所以，只記那些常考的核心詞彙，而對於那些不太常用的學科名詞、物質名詞一般加以忽略。2、進行高頻率的重複，建議把重複的週期控制在7天以內。具體說來，就是每天背100個單詞，將過一遍這些單詞的時間控制在半個小時以內，每天過4遍，第二天再過一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同學可以壓縮到50個左右，但儘量不要低於50個。單詞材料可以找一些相關的新託福閱讀詞彙書，或者是以往考過的詞彙題內容。3、把背單詞和閱讀相結合。廣泛的閱讀也是增加詞彙量的一種方法，並且能夠在閱讀中加強對已經背過的單詞的記憶。當一篇文章的生詞量在5%左右的時候，這些生詞的詞義是可推的。所以我們在選擇閱讀材料的時候，應儘量將單詞量控制在10%左右。單詞太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相關材料可以上一些網站看，例如economist，national geographic等等。
Tip 2: 詞根詞綴
有了一定的單詞基礎，那麼通過詞根詞綴去猜單詞也不成問題了。而且除了單詞有同義詞，詞根詞綴也有同義關係。例如都是表達否定的同義前綴就有in-，un， non-，dis-等等，表示否定的後綴有-less，所以當看到題目中的單詞有這類的否定含義，那麼就可以去找選擇項中也有否定前綴和後綴的詞，也許就是正確選項，因爲都是具有否定關係的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一組同義詞。所以對於一些常見詞綴詞根是需要考生記憶的。具體有哪些可以參見一些英語字典的附錄。
Tip 3: 邏輯關係
邏輯關係主要是看上下文及背景內容。比較常見的邏輯關係是並列，轉折，因果，遞進等，所以考生要特別注意記憶邏輯關係連接詞。例如這句話The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation，depriving some areas of rain while drenching others。這句話中出現一個邏輯關係連接詞while，這個詞是表示一種轉折，意思是然而，所以drenching和之前的動作depriving構成了反義關係，depriving意思是剝奪，所以drenching可以猜測其意可能與剝奪相反，前文爲剝奪了一些地方的雨，那麼相反就是給予另一些地方更多的雨，所以可以看到選擇項中C。 Thoroughly wetting就是表達了多雨這個意思。而drenching本意就是溼透的意思。
Tip 4:代入驗證
由於新託福的題目都是單選題，所以範圍已經縮小到四選一，尤其是對詞彙題來說，有一種方法就是將選項中的詞放入到原文中去閱讀，看意思與上下文是否合拍通順，如文章中選擇的單詞前後有介詞，就更能顯出代入驗證的好處。例如有這樣一句話:When hoisted up in the sky， the microscopic particles act as...選擇項則爲A. Lifted ped rned ted， 四個選項代入後，發現只有A選項能和後面的介詞UP連接通順，所以答案就是A選項，表示升起的意思。
託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案 passage30
