託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案passage13
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老託福閱讀文本passage13
Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.
All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.
On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.
老託福閱讀題目 passage13
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that
(A) the Earth began as a molten mass
(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust
(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common
(D) igneous rock is continually being formed
2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) move into
(B) neutralize
(C) cover
(D) deposit
3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) vast
(B) natural
(C) existing
(D) uneven
4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) granite
(B) surface
(C) landscape
(D) texture
5. Granite that has been found above ground has been
(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma
(B) produced during a volcanic explosion
(C) gradually exposed due to erosion
(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth
6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?
(A) granite
(B) plutonic rock
(C) rhyolite
(D) mineral crystals
7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) minutely
(B) loosely
(C) sensitively
(D) purely
8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?
(A) Plutonic rock
(B) Crystal
(C) Lava
(D) Obsidian
老託福閱讀答案 passage13
AACAC CAD
託福閱讀技巧：詞彙題應對方法
爲什麼很多考生會對詞彙題束手無措?一方面是因爲考生的詞彙量達不到，OG中詞彙題的解釋裏有一句話，there is no “list of words” that must be tested. 這句話就告訴考生死了那條心去背所謂的大綱詞彙，因爲沒有大綱，而考試中要考查到的單詞可能是來自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一個單詞，範圍大的離譜;而另一方面則是因爲有的考生沒有學會從上下文或者從語法結構去猜測詞義。
因爲OG中的解釋還有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 所以很有可能考生在考試中所碰到的詞彙並不是已經讓人熟知的第一詞義，而是要根據語境上下文推斷出的第二詞義甚至是第三詞義，所以又對考生做題增加了難度。最可悲的是不僅文章中的單詞意思不知道，連4個選項中的單詞都有不認識不熟悉的，這樣的結果就只能是亂猜一氣，聽天由命全憑運氣，當然考試結果也不會好。所以在此將給考生一點準備新託福閱讀考試詞彙題的建議和解題方法，希望能給考生攻克詞彙題給予一些幫助。
Tip: 單詞記憶
單詞記憶主要就是背單詞。背單詞是很多同學覺得非常痛苦的事情，經常會有學生來問藥怎麼背，背了一些又馬上忘了另外一些。所以關於如何去背單詞，在這裏有幾點建議：
1、利用零散的時間背單詞。利用零散的時間背單詞可以使用單詞卡片。不過，爲了保證效率，首先要確定哪些單詞需要記憶。理論上，單詞量越多越好。實際上，如果一味貪多，結果容易打疲勞戰，而且效率低。所以，只記那些常考的核心詞彙，而對於那些不太常用的學科名詞、物質名詞一般加以忽略。
2、進行高頻率的重複，建議把重複的週期控制在7天以內。具體說來，就是每天背100個單詞，將過一遍這些單詞的時間控制在半個小時以內，每天過4遍，第二天再過一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同學可以壓縮到50個左右，但儘量不要低於50個。單詞材料可以找一些相關的新託福閱讀詞彙書，或者是以往考過的詞彙題內容。
把背單詞和閱讀相結合。廣泛的閱讀也是增加詞彙量的一種方法，並且能夠在閱讀中加強對已經背過的單詞的記憶。當一篇文章的生詞量在5%左右的時候，這些生詞的詞義是可推的。所以我們在選擇閱讀材料的時候，應儘量將單詞量控制在10%左右。單詞太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相關材料可以上一些網站看，例如economist, national geographic等等。
託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案 passage13
