身體髮膚受之父母 我們爲什麼會以貌取人大綱
With some regularity we hear about the latest beauty-pageant contestant who has responded to a softball of a question with an epic fail of a mistake, a bizarre opinion or an incoherent ramble. There's the Panamanian contestant who believed that Confucius invented the philosophy of 'Confusion, ' the Miss Hawaii who described the U.S. only in terms of the 'rocky shores' and 'sandy beaches' of Hawaii, and the Miss South Carolina Teen USA who explained that Americans don't know enough geography because too many people can't afford maps.
每隔一段時間，我們就會聽到最近有某某選美大賽選手在回答簡單問題時錯得離譜、觀點離奇或前言不搭後語地閒扯。有位巴拿馬的選美選手認爲“Confucius”（孔子）開創了“Confusion”（困惑）哲學，夏威夷小姐只用描述夏威夷的“‘多岩石的海岸”和“多沙的沙灘”之類的詞彙來形容美國，而南卡羅來納妙齡小姐則解釋說美國人對地理了解不夠是因爲很多人買不起地圖。Ridiculous. But what's even more ridiculous is that our brains bias us toward believing such people -- just because they're good-looking.
真是可笑。但更荒唐的是，我們的大腦往往會偏向於相信這些人——只是因爲她們長相好看。The German poet Friedrich Schiller wrote, 'Physical beauty is the sign of an interior beauty, a spiritual and moral beauty.' His belief seems odd if you've ever seen a portrait of Schiller: His prominent schnozzola would have knocked him out of the 1788 edition of People Magazine's 'Sexiest Man Alive.'
德國詩人弗里德里希·席勒(Friedrich Schiller)曾寫道：“外表美是內在美、精神美和道德美的標誌。”他的這個觀點顯得有些奇怪——如果你看過他的肖像的話：如果1788年有《人物雜誌》(People Magazine)“在世最性感男人”榜單，他那顯眼的大鼻子應該會讓他落選。
In the years since, research has shown that from an early age -- in both sexes and across numerous cultures -- attractive people are judged to be smarter, kinder, more honest and trustworthy. Obviously, our bias toward thinking that 'what is beautiful is good' makes for some bad mating decisions.
在那之後的這些年中，研究表明從較小年紀開始——在男性與女性及衆多不同的文化中——長相迷人者往往被認爲更聰明、更和善、更誠實及值得信任。顯然，我們認爲“美即是好”的偏向導致我們做出了一些糟糕的婚配決定。In politics, we are also more likely to believe and vote for people who are attractive. Ditto for hiring them. And when it comes to ostensibly blind justice, numerous studies from the 1970s through '90s found that more-attractive individuals are less likely to be convicted of crimes and, if convicted, receive shorter-than-average sentences for the crime.
在政治方面，我們也傾向於相信並投票給長相迷人者，在工作招聘中同樣如此。至於那些顯然有失理智的法官，上世紀70年代至90年代期間的衆多研究發現，長相較美的人被判有罪的可能性更小，而且即使被判有罪，所判的刑期也短於平均水平。Why should this be? Some have suggested that since it is pleasurable to meet someone attractive and someone good and honest, we unconsciously conflate the two. But this convergence of rewarding experiences seems dubious. After all, few of us intermix the pleasure of, say, reading about the triumph of the abolitionist movement with the pleasure of taking a bubble bath and eating a box of Twinkies.
事情爲什麼會這樣呢？有些人提出，由於遇見長相迷人者和品德優良誠實者都令人愉快，我們會不自覺地把這二者混爲一談。但是，這種將美妙經歷混爲一體的說法似乎並不讓人信服。畢竟，很少有人會把閱讀廢奴運動的勝利帶來的快樂與和洗泡泡浴與吃一盒Twinkie奶油夾心蛋糕的愉悅混在一起。Instead, it seems that the brain confuses the metaphorical and the literal -- a fairly common sort of error, because brain regions often multitask. The same region, for instance, is involved in processing physical and emotional pain and in 'feeling' someone else's pain. Another brain region is central to both gustatory disgust (responding to the taste of rotten food with reflexes that make you feel sick to your stomach) and moral disgust (responding to some appalling act by making you feel sick to your stomach).
相反，原因似乎是大腦將比喻意義與表面意義混淆了，這是一種相當常見的錯誤，因爲大腦區域常常要處理多種任務。比如說，同一個區域需處理身體及情感上的痛苦並要“感受”他人的痛苦。還有一個大腦區域，它是味覺嫌惡（對腐爛食物的味道產生噁心反應）及精神嫌惡（對某些駭人的行爲產生噁心反應）反應的中樞區域。Work by Takashi Tsukiura and Roberto Cabeza of Duke University shows something similar with looks: The medial orbitofrontal cortex of the brain is involved in rating both the beauty of a face and the goodness of a behavior, and the level of activity in that region during one of those tasks predicts the level during the other. In other words, the brain does similar things when contemplating beautiful minds, hearts or cheekbones. And it assumes that cheekbones tell you something about minds and hearts.
美國杜克大學(Duke University)的月浦崇(Takashi Tsukiura)與羅伯託·卡韋薩(Roberto Cabeza)對外貌的研究獲得了類似的發現：大腦的內側眶額皮層既參與評判臉蛋的美麗程度，又評判行爲的好與壞，從該區域處理其中一項任務時的活躍程度可預測出它處理另一項任務時的活躍程度。換句話說，在思考一個人有沒有出色的頭腦、善良的心靈或好看的臉蛋時，大腦的運作機制是類似的。它假定臉蛋就能讓你瞭解一個人的頭腦與心靈。It's a discouraging finding. But there's also some good news in this story: The brain can get confused in both directions. In other words, the same neural wiring that gives rise to 'What is beautiful is good' also generates 'What is good is beautiful.'
這是一個讓人沮喪的發現。不過，它也帶來了好消息：大腦可能在兩個相反的方向上都會搞糊塗。也就是說，讓你產生“美即是善”想法的那條神經線路也會讓你產生“善即是美”的想法。In studies by Sampo Paunonen of the University of Western Ontario, heterosexual subjects of both genders viewed pictures of people of the opposite sex, described as having varying Degrees of intelligence, independence and honesty. Degrees of independence and intelligence had no effect on their ratings of attractiveness. But people who were described as being more honest were rated as more likable, and the more likable, the more physically attractive.
在西安大略大學(University of Western Ontario)桑波·保諾寧(Sampo Paunonen)的研究中，異性戀的男女受試者觀看了一些異性的照片，照片上的人被描述爲智力、獨立性和誠實度各有不同。研究發現，獨立性及智力的高低程度未影響他們對長相迷人程度的評判，不過被形容爲較誠實的人也會被認爲更討人喜歡，而越討人喜歡的人，外貌也就更具吸引力。It seems that things even out in the end. On the one hand, we're more likely to believe that the earth is flat just because a beauty queen says so. But on the other hand, people are more likely to see that the goodness of Mother Teresa or Gandhi is beautiful.
如此看來，事情最終都扯平了。一方面，我們可能因爲一位美貌的女王說過地球是平的就相信這句話；另一方面，我們也有可能因爲特雷莎修女(Mother Teresa)或甘地(Gandhi)的善良而認爲他們是美的。
