孩子的茁壯成長離不開這樣的老爸

Studies have shown that children affected by maternal depression are more likely to face developmental challenges later in life, such as lower cohesion, warmth and expressiveness, and higher conflict, rigidity and affectionless control. So, what is a mother to do? According to science, we need to look to dad for some answers.

研究表明：受產婦抑鬱影響的孩子更有可能在以後的生活中面臨發育挑戰，比如凝聚力低、不熱情、表現力低、更容易和人發生衝突、刻板和無情控制。所以，母親該做些什麼呢？據科學表明，我們需要向父親尋找答案。

Researchers at the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University in Israel published results of their a study exploring whether fathering helps moderate adverse effects of maternal depression on the family dynamic. Ruth Feldman, Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) and colleagues, from the university's department of of psychology, published their findings in Development and Psychopathology.

以色列巴蘭伊蘭大學多學科腦研究中心的研究人員發表了他們的研究成果，該研究探索了父親是否能緩解母親抑鬱症對家庭生活的不利影響。該大學心理學系的露絲·費爾德曼、蘇珊·龔達（Susan Gonda）和同事們在《發展與精神病理學》（Development and Psychopathology.）期刊上發表了他們的研究成果。

In a longitudinal analysis, the group looked at married or cohabiting mothers of young children who experiences chronic depression. They observed interactions among the couples and their child from the time the child was a year old until they turned 6. The observations noted interactions between the mother and child, the father and child. They also watched videotaped interactions of both parents together with their child.

在縱向分析中，研究團隊研究了已婚或同居並有小孩的母親，這些母親長期抑鬱。在孩子一至六歲期間，研究員們觀察了夫妻和孩子之間的互動。觀察並注意了母親和孩子以及父親和孩子間的互動。他們還看了錄像，觀察父母與孩子在一起時的互動。

The findings showed that depressed mothers exhibited low sensitivity and high intrusiveness. Simply put, they frequently took over simple tasks that a child could do on their own, thus damaging their emotional and social development.

研究結果表明患抑鬱症的母親會表現出低敏感性和高侵入性。簡單而言，她們經常會搶過孩子可以獨立完成的事情，因此有損他們的情感和社交發展。

To counteract mom's influence, the children of depressed moms lower social engagement during mother-child interactions. To make matters worse, partners also exhibited sensitivity, high intrusiveness and provided minimal opportunities for child social engagement. Though this parenting style isn't doing any favors for family unit, it doesn't mean that children exposed to maternal depression are doomed from the get-go.

爲了抵制母親的影響，患有抑鬱症母親的孩子會在母子互動中降低社會參與度。更糟糕的是，母親還會表現得特別敏感、容易干預，爲孩子的社會參與提供最小的機會。雖然這種育兒方式並不會給家庭帶來好處，但這並不意味着患有抑鬱症母親的孩子從一開就註定失敗。

Despite conflicting results, not all partners of maternally depressed women showed signs of distress. Those (fathers) who were sensitive, nonintrusive, and engaged children socially inadvertently acted as a shield for their child.

儘管結果相互衝突，但並非所有患有抑鬱症母親的另一半都會表現出痛苦的跡象。那些敏感、沒有侵入性並讓孩子參與社交活動的父親在無形中成爲了孩子的後盾。

Where's the unicorn? This is Magical!

獨角獸在哪？真的是太神奇了！

"When fathers rise to the challenge of co-parenting with a chronically depressed mother, and form a sensitive, nonintrusive, and reciprocal relationship with the child that fosters his/her social involvement and participation," says Feldman, "fathering can buffer the spillover from maternal depression to the family atmosphere."

"當母親長期抑鬱，父親接受共同撫養的挑戰時，父親就會與他們的孩子形成敏感、非侵入性和互惠的關係，能促進孩子參與社會，"費爾德曼說道，"父親可以緩解母親抑鬱給家庭氛圍帶來的不良影響。"