誰是土耳其政變的幕後主腦
ISTANBUL — Turkey’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, says that a mild-mannered Muslim cleric living in self-imposed exile in rural Pennsylvania was pulling the strings of a coup attempt last week that almost succeeded in taking over the state, and killing Mr. Erdogan himself.
伊斯坦布爾——土耳其總統雷傑普·塔伊普·埃爾多安(Recep Tayyip Erdogan)說，上週未遂政變的幕後操縱者，是一位舉止溫和的穆斯林神職人員，目前他因自我流放，居住在賓夕法尼亞州農村。政變幾乎成功地接管了政府，差點殺死了埃爾多安。
Now, Mr. Erdogan says that many thousands of Turkish citizens — soldiers, policemen, bureaucrats, teachers, judges, lawyers and many more professions — are all part of the cleric’s movement and must be punished. Tens of thousands of people have already been arrested or suspended from their jobs in the four days since the coup failed, after a night of violence that plunged the country into chaos.
埃爾多安現在說，數千名土耳其公民，包括軍人、警察、政府官員、教師、法官、律師和許多其他的職業工作者，都是該神職人員運動的一部分，他們必須受到懲罰。政變發生的夜晚，暴力使土耳其陷入混亂，政變失敗後的四天裏，已有幾萬人被逮捕、或被暫時停職。
Mr. Erdogan and the cleric, Fethullah Gulen, have been adversaries in recent years, and Turkey has said before that Mr. Gulen must be extradited by the United States. Now, though, Mr. Erdogan appears determined to get him back, a matter that threatens to aggravate relations between the two NATO allies.
埃爾多安與那位名叫費特胡拉·居倫(Fethullah Gulen)的神職人員近年來一直是對手，土耳其以前曾表示，美國必須將居倫引渡回國。而現在，埃爾多安似乎已下決心要他回來，該問題將危及這兩個北約盟國之間的關係，走向進一步惡化。
But who is Mr. Gulen? And is it possible he is behind such a vast conspiracy?
居倫是什麼人？他有可能是如此巨大陰謀的幕後策劃者嗎？
James F. Jeffrey, a former American ambassador to Turkey now at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, called the organization a “cultlike” movement, and said no one really had solid information about its size and aims. But many experts on Turkey, Mr. Jeffrey included, say the followers of Mr. Gulen have sought to gain power within Turkey by infiltrating state institutions, most successfully the judiciary and the police.
前美國駐土耳其大使、現在華盛頓近東政策學院工作的詹姆斯·F·傑弗裏(James F. Jeffrey)稱該神職人員的組織是一個“類似邪教”的運動，並說，關於該組織大小和目的，目前尚沒有人真正有可靠信息。但是，包括傑弗裏在內，許多研究土耳其問題的專家說，居倫的追隨者一直在尋求通過滲入國家機構，在土耳其國內獲得權力，他們在司法和警察部門最爲成功。
“They are a state within a state,” he said. “They have infiltrated many places.”
“他們是一個國中之國，”傑弗裏說。“他們已經滲透到很多地方。”
In the past, Mr. Gulen has been embraced by American officials as a moderate Islamic leader: someone who promotes interfaith dialogue, leads a worldwide network of charities and secular schools, favors good relations with Israel and opposes harder-line Islamist movements like the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas.
過去，作爲一名溫和派的伊斯蘭領袖，居倫曾受到美國官員的歡迎：他推動不同信仰間的對話，領導着一個由慈善機構和世俗學校構成的全球網絡，支持與以色列建立良好關係，反對諸如穆斯林兄弟會和哈馬斯等強硬派的伊斯蘭運動。
In Turkey, his supporters have long filled the ranks of the police, judiciary and, to a lesser extent, the military, something Mr. Gulen has encouraged in speeches. Having fled the country in 1999 as Turkey’s old secular elite charged him with trying to overthrow the state, he landed in the United States, where a former C.I.A. official helped him get a green card.
在土耳其國內，他的支持者進入警察和司法部門工作已有很長時間，也有人在軍隊工作，但人數不是那麼多，居倫在演講中鼓勵支持者們這種做法。1999年，由於當時統治土耳其的世俗精英指控他試圖推翻政府，他逃離了土耳其，來到美國，一名中央情報局前官員幫助他拿到了綠卡。
The darker suspicions of his movement have emerged as a central plotline in the aftermath of the failed military coup in Turkey, with Mr. Erdogan accusing him of being the mastermind of the conspiracy.
土耳其發生未遂軍事政變之後，他的運動中更陰暗的可疑點已作爲事件的中心情節浮出水面，埃爾多安指責他是陰謀的主謀。
Turkish officials on Tuesday, including Prime Minister Binali Yildirim, raised the pressure on the United States to hand over Mr. Gulen, promising to send dossiers of evidence of his role in the plot.
包括總理比納利·耶伊爾德勒姆(Binali Yildirim)在內的土耳其官員週二向美國施加壓力，要求把居倫送回國，並答應將其在陰謀中所起作用的證據提交給美國。
The White House said on Tuesday that it received an electronic file from Turkey on the matter, though it was unclear that it was a formal extradition request.
白宮週二表示，已經收到土耳其發來有關此事的電子文件，但目前還不清楚，那是否是正式的引渡請求。
“The Department of Justice and the Department of State will review those materials consistent with the requirements of the extradition treaty between the United States and Turkey that’s been on the books for more than 30 years now,” Josh Earnest, the White House spokesman, said.
“司法部和國務院將審查這些材料是否符合美國與土耳其之間的引渡條約要求，有關法律已經建立了30多年了，”白宮發言人喬希·歐內斯特(Josh Earnest)說。
On Tuesday, Mr. Erdogan and Mr. Obama spoke by telephone, with Mr. Obama offering help to investigate the coup, but giving no indication in a statement by the White House of a willingness to promptly send Mr. Gulen back.
週二，埃爾多安和奧巴馬總統通了電話，奧巴馬錶示願意爲調查政變提供幫助，但在白宮發佈的聲明中，奧巴馬沒有給出願意很快把居倫送回土耳其的任何跡象。
Mr. Yildirim said Turkey was intent on destroying the Gulen movement “by its roots.” And the government has moved quickly, raising concerns it is more interested in silencing all opposition than rooting out those behind the coup.
耶爾德勒姆說，土耳其決意“從根子上”挫敗居倫的運動。政府已迅速採取行動，這讓人擔憂它更感興趣的是噤聲所有反對派，而不是剷除政變背後的推手。
Nearly 35,000 members of the military, police and judiciary have either been arrested or dismissed. On Tuesday, the government suspended more than 15,000 members of the Education Ministry, forced more than 1,500 university deans to resign and revoked the licenses of 21,000 private schoolteachers.
有近3.5萬名軍隊、警察和司法部門人員已被逮捕或被開除。週二，土耳其政府暫停了教育部超過1.5萬職工的工作，迫使1500多位大學的院長辭職，撤銷了2.1萬名私立教師的許可證。
All of them, officials said, are suspected of having some link to Mr. Gulen.
官員說，所有這些人都被懷疑與居倫有瓜葛。
The Turkish military, in a statement, blamed the “Fethullah Terrorist Organization” for the coup plot, and said the plotters had held at gunpoint the military’s chief of staff, demanding that he sign a document supporting the coup, which he refused to do.
土耳其軍方在一份聲明中指責“費特胡拉恐怖組織”策劃了政變陰謀，並說策劃者曾持槍扣押了軍隊的總參謀長，要求他簽署一份支持政變的文件，被他拒絕了。
Mr. Gulen, a mystic preacher of the Sufi branch of Islam who lives in a secluded compound in the Poconos, in Pennsylvania, has become a central point of tension between the United States and Turkey. One Turkish official said he believed the United States played a role in the coup, an accusation Secretary of State John Kerry dismissed on Sunday as “irresponsible.” Still, in a front-page column on Tuesday, the editor in chief of a pro-government newspaper wrote, “The U.S. Tried to Assassinate Erdogan!”
居倫是伊斯蘭教蘇菲派分支的一名神祕的神職人員，住在賓夕法尼亞州波科諾斯一個僻靜的院子裏，他已經成爲美國與土耳其關係緊張問題的一個焦點。一位土耳其官員說，他認爲美國在政變中起了作用，國務卿約翰·克里週日駁回了這種指責，稱其“不負責任”。不過，一家親政府報紙的主編週二在頭版發表的評論文章中寫道，“美國試圖暗殺埃爾多安！”
At the very least, the prospect of a contentious extradition process is likely to complicate relations between the allies at a time when the United States is relying on Turkey as a crucial partner in the fight against the Islamic State.
在美國打擊伊斯蘭國的鬥爭中，土耳其是其重要的夥伴，在此之際，有爭議的引渡程序的前景最起碼有可能讓這兩個盟國之間的關係複雜化。
Referring to the United States, Mr. Yildirim said, “we would be disappointed if our friends told us to present proof even though members of the assassin organization are trying to destroy an elected government under the directions of that person.” He added, “At this stage there could even be a questioning of our friendship.”
耶爾德勒姆在提到美國時說，“在那個人的指導之下，該刺客組織的成員在試圖摧毀一個民選政府，如果我們的朋友還要我們拿出證明，那我們會很失望。”他補充說，“這種情況甚至讓人有可能對我們的友誼產生懷疑。”
Mr. Kerry has said Turkey, as part of the extradition process, must provide evidence that withstands scrutiny in an American court — something analysts say Turkey does not have.
克里曾表示，作爲引渡程序的一部分，土耳其必須提供能禁得住美國法院審查的證據，分析人士說，土耳其沒有這樣的證據。
On Tuesday, Mr. Gulen again denied any involvement. “Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan today once again demonstrated he will go to any length necessary to solidify his power and persecute his critics,” Mr. Gulen said in a statement. “It is ridiculous, irresponsible and false to suggest I had anything to do with the horrific failed coup. I urge the U.S. government to reject any effort to abuse the extradition process to carry out political vendettas.”
週二，居倫再次否認與政變有任何牽連。“土耳其總統雷傑普·塔伊普·埃爾多安今天再次證明，他在鞏固自己的權力、打壓他的批評者上願意拿出任何可能的手段，”居倫在一份聲明中說。“暗示我與可怕的未遂政變有任何關係是可笑、不負責任和毫無根據的。我敦促美國政府拒絕任何濫用引渡程序進行政治報復的努力。”
Turkish officials may be certain about Mr. Gulen’s actions and motives, but the nature of his movement has long confounded analysts and diplomats in Turkey, partly because the organization is opaque and individuals do not openly declare allegiance to it.
雖然土耳其官員也許對居倫的行爲和動機深信不疑，但其運動的性質一直讓土耳其的分析人士和外交官員困惑，部分原因是因爲這個組織不透明，其成員不公開宣佈效忠該組織。
Mr. Jeffrey said it would have been hard for Gulen followers, as Islamists, to infiltrate the armed forces, which have been a stronghold of secularism in Turkey.
傑弗裏表示，作爲伊斯蘭教徒，居倫的追隨者很難滲透到武裝部隊中，後者是土耳其世俗主義的堅實陣地。
In diplomatic cable written in 2009, and made public by WikiLeaks, Mr. Jeffrey detailed how Mr. Gulen came to exile in the United States. He left Turkey in 1999 after being charged with plotting to overthrow the state. The charges, Mr. Jeffrey wrote, were based on a sermon Mr. Gulen had given in which he said, “our friends, who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies, should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to create a nationwide restoration.”
維基解密(WikiLeaks)公開的一些2009年的外交電文詳細記述了居倫流亡至美國的經過。1999年被控圖謀推翻政府後，他離開土耳其。傑弗裏寫道，那些指控的依據是居倫舉行的一場佈道。他在佈道時說，“我們那些在立法和行政機構中任職的朋友，應該去了解細節，並時刻保持警惕，這樣才能改變它，才能代表伊斯蘭教取得更多成果，以便創造一場全國範圍內的復辟。”
Mr. Gulen was later acquitted, in absentia, on all charges.
後來，居倫被缺席裁決所有罪名不成立。
Mr. Erdogan and Mr. Gulen were once Islamist allies, at war with Turkey’s old secular elite. After Mr. Erdogan’s Islamist Justice and Development Party came to power more than a decade ago, they teamed up to tame the military, which overthrew four elected governments last century. A series of sensational trials, which were overseen by Gulen-affiliated judges and prosecutors and were later determined to have relied, in part, on fabricated evidence, sent hundreds of officers to prison and seemed to have secured civilian control over the military.
埃爾多安和居倫一度是伊斯蘭盟友，共同對付老一輩的土耳其世俗權貴。在埃爾多安領導的正義與發展黨(Justice and Development Party)十多年前掌權後，他們聯袂合作，控制了軍隊。在上個世紀，軍隊推翻了四屆民選政府。在居倫的嫡系法官和檢察官主持下，一系列引起轟動的審判把成百上千名軍人送進了監獄，似乎確保了文官對軍隊的控制。後來這些審判被認定在一定程度上是基於捏造的證據。
But three years ago, the two men had a bitter falling out as Mr. Gulen opposed the leader’s increasingly autocratic tendencies. Mr. Erdogan accused Mr. Gulen of orchestrating a corruption inquiry of top officials close to Mr. Erdogan, using the same prosecutors who had targeted the military.
但三年前，因爲居倫反對埃爾多安越來越獨裁的趨勢，兩人發生了激烈的爭吵。埃爾多安指責居倫利用之前攻擊軍方的那些法官，對他手下倚重的高官展開腐敗調查。
Ever since, they have been enemies, and this week the government accelerated its efforts to purge the state of anyone it believes is affiliated with Mr. Gulen, or directly involved in the coup.
自那以後，兩人彼此爲敵。本週，政府加緊行動，要將被認定屬於居倫嫡系或直接參與了政變的官員清洗出政府。
Ibrahim Kalin, Mr. Erdogan’s spokesman, said on Tuesday that the United States should turn him over to Turkey.
埃爾多安的發言人易卜拉欣·卡林(Ibrahim Kalin)週二表示，美國應該將居倫移交給土耳其。
“Why hold him?” he said. “Send him to Turkey to let him go through the judicial process here and if he can prove that he is not guilty, then he can go back.”
“爲什麼留着他？”他說。“把他送回土耳其，讓他走完這裏的司法程序，如果能證明自己無罪，那麼他可以回去。”
Turks have long suspected that Mr. Gulen was an American agent, and inflaming the conspiracy theories is the fact that Graham E. Fuller, a former C.I.A. official who was once stationed in Istanbul, wrote a letter to support Mr. Gulen’s application for a green card.
土耳其長期懷疑居倫是美國特工。曾派駐伊斯坦布爾的前中央情報局(CIA)官員格雷厄姆·E·富勒(Graham E. Fuller)寫信支持居倫申請綠卡這件事，讓陰謀論愈演愈烈。
Mr. Fuller, in an interview with The New York Times in 2014, said he did so on his own, not on behalf of the American government.
2014年接受《紐約時報》的採訪時，富勒稱那是個人行爲，不代表美國政府。
