10大新發明? 錯!其實都是老發明!(下)

5.E-Cigarettes

5.電子煙

E-cigarettes first started becoming popular in 2012. They work by heating a nicotine fluid to mimic a real cigarette. Their invention is usually credited to Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, who reportedly created it after he dreamed that he was drowning in a cloud of vapor. His father had died of lung cancer caused by cigarettes. He himself was an unrepentant smoker who had unsuccessfully tried quitting by using a nicotine patch.

2012年，電子煙開始流行，它們的工作原理是通過加熱尼古丁的液體，模擬真實的煙。很多人認爲電子煙是中國的製藥商韓力發明的，他說夢到自己在煙霧繚繞的蒸氣中快要窒息後，發明了電子煙。他的父親死於吸菸引起的肺癌。他自己也是一個不折不扣的癮君子，他曾嘗試使用尼古丁貼片來戒菸，但失敗了。

The fact is, Hon Lik is not the first person to invent the e-cigarette. Way back in 1963, Herbert Gilbert made the world's first device that could be used to inhale tobacco-flavored air. In Gilbert's original version, there was no form of combustion and it was free of nicotine. He later designed a prototype that used a battery to create heat. He also used different flavors of water to create steam. He presented his prototypes to different chemical, pharmaceutical, and tobacco companies, but they simply turned down his prototypes.

事實是，韓力不是第一個發明電子煙的人。早在1963年，赫爾伯特·吉爾伯特就製造出了世界上第一個可以用來吸入香菸味兒空氣的裝置。他最初的發明裝置，不用燃燒，也不含尼古丁。他後來設計出了一個用電池去加熱的模型，他也用了不同味道的水去製造蒸氣。他把他的電子煙模型展示給不同的化工、製藥以及菸草公司，但是他們都沒有理會他的模型。

nomous Cars

4.無人駕駛的汽車

Also called self-driving cars, autonomous cars have been making the news recently. Chief among them are Google's self-driving cars. Google's driverless cars have traveled over 480,000 kilometers (300,000 mi) with only two accidents, both of which were caused by humans. But self-driving cars aren't new. In fact, their concepts have arguably been around since the days of Leonardo da Vinci, who invented a spring-powered cart with a programmable steering device.

最近，無人駕駛汽車的新聞屢見報端，它也叫做自動駕駛汽車。谷歌的自動駕駛汽車是此行業的領頭羊，已行駛48萬千米（30萬英里），僅發生過兩次交通事故，還都是人爲因素造成的。事實上，無人駕駛汽車並不是新奇事物，早在達·芬奇發明以彈簧發條作驅動帶內置預設程序的馬車時，自動駕駛的概念便名噪一時。

More recently, however, General Motors made a self-driving car in 1958 that adjusted its steering wheel based on the alternating currents given off by a wire placed inside the road. While the vehicle did actually drive itself, it does not qualify as the first autonomous vehicle because it depended on wires placed inside the ground. The world's first autonomous vehicle was made by S. Tsugawa and several of his colleagues at Japan's Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. However, German engineer Ernst Dickinson is regarded as the pioneer of the autonomous car. In 1987, he developed the VaMoRs which was capable of traveling more than 90 kilometers per hour (55 mph) for about 20 kilometers (12 mi). Seven years later, he made the VaMP, which could recognize road signs, know its own position in a lane, detect other vehicles, and even decide when to change lanes. And a year after that, he and his team made another autonomous vehicle which traveled from Germany to Denmark. The vehicle had a maximum speed of 180 kilometers per hour (111 mph) and was controlled by a human for about 5 percent of the journey.

後來，通用汽車在1958年設計出一款無人駕駛汽車，其原理是：由線圈感知道路中所嵌入電線的交流電信號，並相應地調整方向盤。然而汽車確實能自主駕駛，但並不能稱爲第一輛全自動駕駛汽車，因爲它必須依賴嵌在地面的電線。在日本的筑波機械工程實驗室，津川和他的幾個同事發明了世界上第一輛自動駕駛汽車。然而，德國工程師恩斯特·迪克斯被稱爲無人駕駛汽車的先驅。1987年，他發明的"極速"，時速超過90千米（56英里/小時），行駛了大約20千米（12分鐘）。7年後，他發明的VaMP，不但可以識別道路標記，而且能定位自己在車道內的位置，還能勘測其他車輛，甚至能判斷何時該變道。一年後，他和他的團隊發明的自動駕駛汽車，從德國行駛到丹麥，最高時速爲180千米（111英里/小時）。整段旅程中，僅有5%左右的路程是人爲駕駛。

ng Bicycles

3.會飛的自行車

A few years back, a flying bicycle called the "Paravelo" was invented. And it isn't called a flying bicycle for fun. It is a bicycle (with a large parachute on top) that actually flies. It travels around 25 kilometers per hour (15 mph) on land and 40 kilometers per hour (25 mph) in the air. It can also fly up to a height of 1,200 meters (4,000 ft). The best part? You don't need a pilot's license. The Paravelo has been called the world's first flying bicycle, a title we must point out it does not really own.

幾年前，有人發明了一輛會飛的自行車，叫做"Paravelo"。稱一輛自行車會飛，並不是開玩笑，而是這輛自行車真的會飛（車頭有一個巨大的降落傘）。它在陸地和空中的時速分別爲25千米（15英里）和40千米（25英里），可飛至1200米（4000英尺）高空。最棒的地方是什麼呢？那就是你不需要有飛行駕照。Paravelo號稱世界上第一輛會飛的自行車，但我們必須指出它並不是第一輛會飛的自行車。

The world's first flying bicycle flew on November 9, 1961, when Derek Pigott of the University of Southampton flew in a bicycle with an airplane-like body. It was called the Southampton University Man Powered Aircraft (sumpac). Derek furiously pedaled the air-bike to get it off the ground. It then flew 1.8 meters (about 6 ft) above the ground over a distance of 64 meters (210 ft). While the flight was short and slow, it still does not change the fact that it was the first bicycle to fly and at the same time, the first human-powered flight.

1961年11月9日，揚妮克・裏德在南安普頓大學上空騎着一輛形狀非常像飛機的自行車——世界上第一輛會飛的自行車誕生了。這輛自行車被稱爲南安普頓大學的人力飛機（塞桑普頓大學號）。爲使自行車飛離地面，德里克剛開始猛烈地踩腳踏板，然後自行車在離地面1.8米（6英尺）的高處飛行，最終飛行了64米（210英尺）。即使飛行速度很緩慢，飛行距離也很短，但這仍是第一輛會飛的自行車，同時，也是第一輛"人力飛車"。

acks

2.噴氣揹包

In 2010, the Martin Aircraft Company introduced a jetpack it called "the world's first piratical jetpack." The jetpack even won a spot in Time's Top 50 Inventions of 2010. While its development has been on since 1981, the world's first jetpack is known to have flown in 1958. It was designed by Wendell Moore, a researcher at Bells Aerosystems. Early prototypes of Wendell's jetpack could reach a height of 5 meters (16 ft) and remain airborne for three minutes. This attracted the attention of the US Army, which funded the project with $150,000. Several test flights were later done for the US Army and even for JFK himself. The army later stopped paying for more research into the project because the flight time and distance were not convincing enough. NASA also wanted to use the jetpack for their Apollo 11 mission to serve as backups in case their lunar module malfunctioned. They later changed their minds, going for the lunar rover instead. After this setback, Bell discontinued further research on the jetpack.

2010年，馬丁飛行器公司推出的噴氣揹包號稱"世界上第一個盜版噴氣揹包"。這個噴氣揹包甚至還被列入《時代週刊》"2010年度50強發明"之一，因爲衆所周知世界上第一個噴氣揹包是在1958年發明的，且自1981年來一直在發展。噴氣揹包由溫德爾·穆爾設計，他是貝爾空間系統公司的研究員。溫德爾設計的噴氣揹包的早期模型飛行高度可達5米（16英尺），飛行時間爲3分鐘。這一點引起了美國軍隊的注意，美國軍隊便爲這一項目投資了15萬美元。後來，還特地爲美國軍隊做了些試飛飛行器，也爲肯尼迪總統做了飛行器。之後，因爲飛行時間和飛行距離有限，美國軍隊取消了對這個項目後續研究的投資。美國航天局也想用噴氣揹包爲阿波羅11號任務做支援，以防登機艙出故障。但之後還是改變了想法，改用了月球車。貝爾經歷了這個挫折後，停止了對飛行器的進一步研究。

eless Fans

1.無葉風扇

Simply put, bladeless fans are fans without blades. They work by sucking in air at their base and then blowing them out through several holes in their ring. The fan is reported to have been invented by James Dyson, who calls it the "Air Multiplier." Just like the flying jetpack, it earned a spot in Time's list of notable inventions of 2009. And just like the jetpack, it was not the first of its kind. The first bladeless fan was actually patented in 1981 by a Japanese company called Tokyo Shiba Electric. Although Tokyo Shiba's bladeless fan was never manufactured, James Dyson's initial design of a bladeless fan design looked so similar to that of Tokyo Shiba Electric that the patent office refused to grant him a patent. The patent granted to Tokyo Shiba had already expired, but the patent office still required something substantially different before it could grant a new patent to James Dyson. Dyson's patent manager, Gill Smith, did not deny the similarities between both bladeless fans but said the difference between them was the "technology."

簡言之，無葉風扇就是沒有葉片的風扇。它的工作原理是先將空氣吸入風扇基座內部，然後通過扇頭環形上的洞將空氣吹出。這款風扇據說是詹姆斯·戴森發明的，並命名爲"氣流倍增器"。就像可以飛行的噴氣揹包一樣，無葉風扇被《時代週刊》評爲"2009年度偉大發明"之一，同樣它也不是世界上第一個無葉風扇。實際上，第一個無葉風扇於1981年被日本的東京芝區電力公司獲得專利。儘管東京芝區電力公司的無葉風扇並沒有用於生產製造，但詹姆斯的無葉風扇的原始設計與其設計相似，所以專利局拒絕授予詹姆斯這個專利。儘管授予東京芝區電力公司的專利已經過期，但在授予詹姆斯這項新專利之前，專利局需要他提供該設計的創新之處。詹姆斯的經理吉爾·斯密斯並沒有否認這兩種無葉風扇間的相似性，只是說兩者間的差異在於所用"科技"不同。

來源：前十網