生來爲自由:拒絕向塔利班屈服的少女
When I saw her for the first time, a very newborn child, and I looked into her eyes, and I fell in love with her, believe me.” These are the words of a proud father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, speaking about his daughter, Malala, in Class Dismissed . The extraordinary 2009 New York Times documentary follows Mr Yousafzai’s courageous efforts to keep his school in Pakistan’s Swat Valley open after Taliban leaders ordered an end to girls’ education.
“當她剛剛出生，我第一眼看到她的時候，當我看着她的眼睛，我就愛上了她，相信我”，這是紀錄片《下課了》(Class Dismissed)中一位自豪的父親——齊亞丁•尤薩夫扎伊(Ziauddin Yousafzai)談到自己的女兒瑪拉拉(Malala)時所說的話。在塔利班(Taliban)領導人禁止女童接受教育之後，尤薩夫扎伊沒有關閉他在巴基斯坦斯瓦特山谷(Swat Valley)開辦的女子學校，《紐約時報》(New York Times)在2009年拍攝的優秀紀錄片記錄了他的這種勇敢行爲。In the film, Malala, then an articulate 11-year-old with a Harry Potter backpack, says she dreams of becoming a doctor. She seems today to be following a different path.
在這部紀錄片中，當時僅有11歲的瑪拉拉口齒伶俐，揹着一個哈利•波特(Harry Potter)書包。瑪拉拉說，她夢想成爲一名醫生。如今她似乎走上了一條不同的道路。Still 16, she has become a global campaigner for girls’ education. She is one of the world’s most recognised people – famous enough to be known only by her first name – and a remarkable survivor.
雖然瑪拉拉現在只有16歲，但她已經成爲一位倡導女童教育的全球活動家。她現在是全球最知名的人士之一（只要說起她的名，而不必提她的姓，人們就知道是她），也是一位著名的倖存者。
On October 9 last year, fighters from the Taliban forces in the Swat Valley district in the Northwest Frontier Province boarded her school bus. They shot her in the head and wounded two friends. Ms Yousafzai was flown to the UK, where she received emergency treatment in Birmingham. She recovered – she has a titanium plate in her skull – and her campaigning goes on. She was well enough to speak in front of 1,000 youth delegates at the UN on her birthday in July, telling them nothing had changed in her life since the attack, except that “weakness, fear and hopelessness died”.
去年10月9日，在巴基斯坦西北邊境省的斯瓦特山谷，塔利班武裝分子登上了瑪拉拉所乘坐的校車。他們擊中了瑪拉拉的頭部，她身邊的兩位朋友也受了傷。瑪拉拉被用直升機送往英國，並在伯明翰接受了緊急治療。她活了過來——醫生在她的腦部植入了一塊鈦金屬板——並繼續開展活動。瑪拉拉恢復得很好，今年7月她在自己的生日當天在聯合國1000名年輕人代表面前演講，告訴他們自遭受襲擊以來，她的生活沒有什麼改變，除了“軟弱、恐懼和無助已不復存在”。Ms Yousafzai now lives with her family (she has two younger brothers) in Birmingham and attends school there – although her timetable fits around her campaigning. This week she opened the city’s new £189m public library, the largest in Europe. As she told the watching crowd of “fellow Brummies” in her adopted home: “Pens and books are the weapons that defeat terrorism.
瑪拉拉目前和她的家人（她有兩個弟弟）住在伯明翰，並在那裏上學，不過她的時間表是以她的活動爲中心的。上週她爲伯明翰耗資1.89億英鎊新建的公立圖書館開館儀式揭幕——這是歐洲最大的公立圖書館。正如她在寓所向前來探望的“伯明翰鄉親”所說的那樣：“筆和書籍是擊敗恐怖主義的武器。”I truly believe the only way we can create global peace is through educating not only our minds but our hearts and our souls.”
“我完全相信，我們創造全球和平的唯一方式是不僅讓我們的思想受到教育，而且還有我們的心靈和靈魂。”Her campaign for girls’ right to go to school started before the attack. She had already won Pakistan’s first National Youth Peace Prize. Yesterday she collected the International Children’s Peace Prize in The Hague, and she has been nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize, to be awarded next month.
瑪拉拉在遭受襲擊前就開始了爭取女童受教育權的活動。她已經獲得巴基斯坦的首個“國家青年和平獎”(National Youth Peace Prize)。上週四，她在海牙獲得了國際兒童和平獎(International Children’s Peace Prize)，她還獲得了2013年諾貝爾和平獎(Nobel Peace Prize)的提名——該獎將於下月頒發。It is barely credible that someone so young could be such an effective campaigner on the world stage. Yet Ms Yousafzai has single-handedly turned the issue of the right of girls – and all children – to be educated into headline news. And she is a figure worth hearing, according to Jude Kelly, artistic director of London arts hub the Southbank Centre, which will host Ms Yousafzai’s (sold-out) first official appearance in London next month. Ms Kelly says: “We are about to lose [Nelson] Mandela and then, in another area, Malala steps on to the world stage. She is no token signifier – she is a woman with real substance. Her clarity, her determination, her simple clear sense of mission is undeniable.”
很難相信，一個如此年輕的女孩能夠成爲世界舞臺上如此活躍的活動家。然而瑪拉拉確實憑一己之力讓女童（以及所有兒童）的受教育權問題成爲頭條新聞。倫敦南岸藝術中心(Southbank Centre)的藝術總監祖德•凱麗(Jude Kelly)表示，瑪拉拉是一位值得傾聽的人物。瑪拉拉將於下月在倫敦首次正式亮相，活動由南岸藝術中心主辦（門票已售罄）。凱麗表示：“我們即將失去納爾遜•曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)，而這時，瑪拉拉在另一個領域登上了世界舞臺。她並非什麼標誌符號，她是一位有着實質內涵的女性。她的鮮明立場、她的決心以及她簡單純粹的使命感無可置疑。”Her resilience and courage is clear but it would not have been possible for her to become educated – or a campaigner – were it not for her father’s support. (Her mother is also reportedly supportive but does not appear in public.) Adam Ellick, who made Class Dismissed, first met Mr Yousafzai through the latter’s work as an activist in Swat. The plan was for him to help Mr Ellick find a family to document as they lived through Taliban occupation in 2009. Instead “he showed up with Malala, and we eventually decided to make the documentary about their family”.
她的堅韌和勇氣顯而易見，但如果不是父親的支持，她不可能接受教育，更不要說成爲一名活動家。（據悉她母親也支持她，但並不公開露面。）製作《下課了》的亞當•埃利克(Adam Ellick)最初認識尤薩夫扎伊，是通過後者在斯瓦特做活動人士時所做的工作。他們原本的計劃是，讓尤薩夫扎伊幫埃利克找一家人，記錄這家人在2009年塔利班佔領期間如何度日。結果，“尤薩夫扎伊帶着瑪拉拉出現了，我們最終決定圍繞他們一家制作一部紀錄片”。Mr Ellick lived with the family, on and off, for six months, and stayed close to them. He said: “I really admired how far the father, who hailed from a small village, became a leader in Swat.” When Mr Ellick met her, Ms Yousafzai was, “like most Pakistani girls, quite deferential to her father. She spoke mainly when spoken to.” But she was already developing her public voice – albeit secretly. Early in 2009 she began writing, using a pen name, about life for a young girl under the Taliban for the BBC’s Urdu service.
埃利克斷斷續續和這家人一起生活了6個月，近距離觀察他們。他說：“我真心欽佩這位出身小村莊的父親，他取得如此大的進展，成了斯瓦特地區的領導人。”埃利克見到瑪拉拉時，她“就像多數巴基斯坦女孩一樣，對父親恭恭敬敬。基本上只有別人對她說話時她纔開口。”但她已經發展出了自己的公共聲音——儘管是祕密進行的。早在2009年，她就開始用筆名寫作，爲BBC烏爾都語頻道講述塔利班統治下一名年輕女孩的生活。Shiza Shahid, a Pakistani education campaigner, first met Ms Yousafzai when she was 10, and has been working with her ever since. While still in hospital, the teenager set up The Malala Fund, with a vision to put every girl in the world through school. The first grants for the US-based charity now run by Ms Shahid – announced by actor Angelina Jolie – have been used to educate 40 girls in Swat. Ms Yousafzai regularly speaks to the girls to see how they are getting on.
巴基斯坦教育活動家希扎•沙希德(Shiza Shahid)最初在瑪拉拉10歲時見到她，自那以後兩人就攜手合作。瑪拉拉仍在醫院時，就設立了瑪拉拉基金(The Malala Fund)，其願景是讓全世界所有的女孩子都能上學。這家總部位於美國的慈善機構的第一批捐贈（由女演員安吉麗娜•朱莉(Angelina Jolie)宣佈）如今由沙希德運營，用於爲斯瓦特的40名女孩提供教育。瑪拉拉經常和這些女孩談話，查看她們的進展情況。Her campaign to get girls into school is a welcome awareness boost in an area with much work still to be done. Unesco figures show 57m primary-age children worldwide do not attend school, of whom 31m are girls. A further 34m adolescent girls are not being educated, mostly in Nigeria and Pakistan. Established groups setting up schools and libraries in the developing world include Room to Read, whose founder, John Wood, acknowledges Ms Yousafzai’s influence but reinforces the scale of the problem. “It’s great to have awareness raised on this issue,” he says, “but to turn that potential energy into kinetic, we need the social sector to think like a business, to build plans and teams that allow for massive scale so that we can reach millions of children like Malala who deserve to gain the life-long gift of education.”
女童教育是一個任重道遠的領域，瑪拉拉推廣女童教育的活動提高了人們的意識，這一點值得高興。聯合國教科文組織(Unesco)的數據顯示，全球有5700萬小學適齡兒童沒有上學，其中3100萬爲女童。另外還有3400萬少女沒有接受教育，主要集中在尼日利亞和巴基斯坦。在發展中國家設立學校和圖書館的老牌組織包括Room to Read，該機構的創始人約翰•伍德(John Wood)認可瑪拉拉的影響力，不過他強調了問題的嚴重性。他表示：“提高人們對這個問題的重視很好。但要把這種潛在能量發揮出來，我們需要社會部門像一家企業一樣思考，要設定計劃，構建團隊，實現規模化，這樣才能惠及數百萬像瑪拉拉一樣的孩子，他們理應獲得終身教育的禮物。”The next milestone in Ms Yousafzai’s global celebrity comes with next month’s publication of her autobiography, I am Malala. Like all hot literary properties, it is under strict embargo. The publicity schedule includes Ms Yousafzai’s first big television interviews – with ABC’s Diane Sawyer in the US and the BBC’s Panorama.
瑪拉拉的自傳《我是瑪拉拉》(I am Malala)下個月即將出版，這將爲她奠定全球聲譽的下一個里程碑。就像多數熱門圖書作品一樣，這本書遭到嚴格封禁。她的宣傳計劃包括首次接受大型電視採訪，一個是接受美國廣播公司(ABC)戴安娜•索耶(Diane Sawyer)的採訪，另外還要登上BBC的Panorama節目。No teenager, perhaps with the exception of Justin Bieber, has achieved such fame and faces such constant public pressure. But Ms Shahid says her friend is unaffected: “She’s a very intelligent girl yet humble and grounded, very much still the authentic Malala.”
可能除了賈斯汀•比伯(Justin Bieber)之外，還沒有哪個青少年這麼出名，並要持續面對這樣的公共壓力。但沙希德表示，她的朋友瑪拉拉並沒有受到影響：“她是個非常聰明的女孩，但是謙虛務實，仍然是那個真誠的瑪拉拉。”
