秦時明月:千年之前的大秦帝國(上)

In 1974, a handful of impoverished Shaanxi farmers were digging a well when they stumbled across one of the most incredible archaeological finds in history: thousands of unique terra-cotta warriors standing guard over the tomb of China's first emperor. The legendary Qin Shi Huang united the warring states of China and built the magnificent tomb—and the stories of his life are just as fascinating as you'd expect.

1974年的某天，陝西省臨潼縣的幾個農民正在打井，卻無意中邂逅了考古史上最令人驚歎的奇蹟——秦始皇陵兵馬俑。數千個風格迥異的兵馬俑屹立千年，守護着中國第一位封建帝王的陵寢，規模之宏大，蔚爲壯觀。秦始皇橫掃六國，一統宇內，修建皇陵，極盡奢華。他用自己的一生書寫了一部傳奇，令人心馳神往。

ding The Tomb

10.秦始皇陵兵馬俑

Most people are familiar with the terra-cotta warriors, each with their own unique features and armed with a variety of weapons. But the true scale of the tomb is almost impossible to comprehend, especially considering its construction began around 246 B.C.

秦始皇陵兵馬俑被譽爲"世界第八大奇蹟"，聞名遐邇。每個陶俑都具有獨特的風格與迥異的武器配備。事實上，秦始皇陵兵馬俑規模之宏大遠超大家想象，這點從其修建時間便可見一斑：秦始皇陵始建於公元前246年，修建時間共持續37年。

The entire complex hasn't even been excavated yet, but archaeologists believe it sprawls over 56 square kilometers (21 mi2) and includes around 600 individual sites. In addition to the terra-cotta soldiers, with their horses and chariots, there are sections of the tomb dedicated to less militaristic figures. There are terra-cotta government officials, terra-cotta musicians with their instruments, acrobats captured in mid-tumble, and even a section mimicking the emperor's worldly court—complete with terra-cotta birds. Work on the complex began when the future Qin Shi Huang rose to a princely throne at the age of 13. Craftsmen from across China were recruited for the massive project and as many as 720,000 laborers were drafted to build e Qin Shi Huang's own final resting place hasn't been found yet, it's rumored to be even more incredible than the rest of the complex. Legend claims it's surrounded by deadly rivers of mercury. Worryingly, high levels of mercury have actually been found in the soil around the tomb complex. Not content with rivers of death, Qin Shi Huang's successor ordered that many of the tomb's craftsmen be sealed inside it, ensuring that the first emperor's burial place would be shrouded in secrecy.

秦始皇陵至今尚未全部發掘，考古學家認爲該陵墓綿延56平方千米，共包含各類陪葬坑約有600處。秦代主張以武力強國，因此秦始皇陵中有大量配備馬車與雙輪戰車的陶俑，富有"戰國主義"色彩。除此之外，陵墓中還有代表不同風格的陶俑，比如：朝中大臣、演奏樂器的伶官、翻滾跳躍着的雜技演員，甚至用陶俑再現了秦代法庭的模樣。秦始皇自13歲即位，就開始在驪山修建大型奢華陵墓。全國各地的精兵巧匠參與了這場浩大的工程，有72萬人被徵募參與了陵墓的修建。儘管秦始皇的"寢宮"陵墓至今尚未發現，但據說其"寢宮"比已發現的陵墓更奢華百倍。傳說秦始皇驪山陵有象徵汪洋大海川流不息的"水銀之河"，是用機械灌注水銀而成。唯一令人擔憂的是，秦始皇陵附近的土地被檢測水銀含量超標。爲了確保秦始皇的"寢宮"驪山陵的位置能成爲永久的祕密。秦二世將參與修建的工人全部埋葬在陵墓之中，無人逃脫陪葬的命運。

Dynasty Only Lasted 15 Years

9.秦朝統治僅持續了15年

When the Warring States period ended in 221 B.C., the victorious King Zheng of Qin renamed himself Shi Huangdi. Today, he's usually referred to as Qin Shi Huang, or "First Qin Emperor." But in spite of his massive achievement in unifying China, his dynasty only lasted 15 years. In other words, construction work on his tomb lasted longer than the Qin dynasty ruled China.

公元前221年,戰國時代結束，中國步入封建大一統.秦國嬴政一統六國,建立秦朝,自稱"始皇帝".今天,我們通常稱他爲"秦始皇"或"秦朝第一位皇帝".儘管秦始皇一統中國,功勳卓越,但秦代統治在歷史上僅延續了15年，是名副其實的短命王朝.換句話說,秦朝統治時間竟比秦始皇陵兵馬俑的修建時間還要短。

Qin Shi Huang died suddenly in 210 B.C., leaving almost nothing in place to dictate what should come after him. It was only on his deathbed that he declared his oldest son his heir, a decision that didn't sit well with his closest advisers. Needing to keep the emperor's death a secret while they maneuvered to get his second son into power, his advisers subsequently hid his body in a wagon of rotting fish, knowing that the smell would mask the scent of his red on by a string of natural disasters and the brutal Qin rule, the people revolted. Civil war ensued, and it wasn't until 202 B.C. that the Han Dynasty would be established and life truly went on. Ironically, during his short reign Qin Shi Huang had dubbed his dynasty "the Empire of a Thousand Generations."

公元前210年,秦始皇還來不及指點秦代未來江山社稷，就在第5次東巡途中暴斃死亡。令人疑惑的是，秦始皇即位後未立太子，直到死前纔在病榻上宣佈其繼承人。遺憾的是，秦始皇死前宣佈的繼承人並不符合秦代丞相趙高與李斯的心意。爲了幫助秦二世胡亥篡權，他們需要隱瞞秦始皇死亡的事實，於是趙高與李斯將秦始皇的屍體丟在放死魚的馬車上，以死魚的腐屍味道掩蓋秦始皇屍體的氣味。秦二世繼承皇位後實施殘虐暴政，自然災害頻發，百姓生活於水深火熱之中。隨後人民奮起反抗，陳勝吳廣揭竿而起。直到公元前202年，漢朝建立，人民才能安寧地生活。秦始皇即位後，曾多次宣稱秦朝統治將延續千年，如今想來，不禁有幾分諷刺。

rs Of Illegitimacy

8.私生子的傳言

According to the official story, the man who would become Qin Shi Huang was the son of King Zhuangxiang and a concubine known as the Lady Zhao. After the death of the king, Lady Zhao took another lover, giving Qin Shi Huang the headache of two half-siblings. To make sure that neither ever challenged him, he had them both killed. For good measure, he also killed his mother's lover and had his mother arrested.

據正史記載 ，秦始皇是秦莊襄王與其小妾趙姬之子 。莊襄王薨逝後（譯者注：指王侯之死） ，趙姬又有了一個情夫，還給秦始皇生了兩個惹事生非的弟弟。爲了確保他們不會威脅皇權，秦始皇把兩個弟弟都殺了，另外他還處死了母親的情人並軟禁了自己的母親。

Otherwise, not much is known about his early life or family, which may have helped the claims that he was actually illegitimate. Although the story is now considered doubtful, it comes from one of the definitive works of Chinese history, the Records of the Historian by Sima Qian. The author had inherited the position of court historian, choosing castration rather than death after angering a subsequent emperor. After his castration, Sima Qian went on to complete his work, including the story of Qin Shi Huang's true birth. Qin Shi Huang's father, according to the story, was actually a man named Lu Buwei, who would go on to be one of his advisers. A wealthy merchant, one of Lu Buwei's concubines had caught the eye of the king. Naturally, the merchant gave up the concubine—but she was already pregnant at the time. Lu Buwei knew this, taking solace in the fact that his son would one day inherit the kingdom.

另一方面，秦始皇早期的生活及身世不爲世人所熟知。而這些情況表明，秦始皇實際上可能是個私生子。儘管這種說法現在廣受質疑，但這一說法由司馬遷所著的著名史書《史記》所載。司馬遷襲父職繼任太史令，由於觸怒繼任的皇帝，在處死和閹割兩種刑罰中，他選擇了後者。受閹割之刑後，司馬遷繼續完成他的著作，其中就有關於秦始皇真實身世的故事。據《史記》所載，秦始皇的生父是一個名叫呂不韋的男子，而呂不韋也是他的臣下之一。呂不韋曾是富商，有一次莊襄王看上了他的小妾趙姬。儘管那時趙姬已經身懷六甲，呂不韋也只能主動進獻。呂不韋很清楚趙姬懷孕這一點，他只能自我慰籍他的兒子以後會繼位成爲諸侯王。

t Taishan

7.泰山

A UNESCO World Heritage site, Mount Taishan is one of the most culturally important places in China. The majestic mountain has been a sacred site since Neolithic times, and it was in part because of Qin Shi Huang that it continued to be so even after the unification of China.

作爲聯合國教科文組織評選的世界遺產，泰山也是中國最重要的文化景點之一。莊嚴雄偉的泰山自從新石器時期就是一處聖地。某種程度上泰山一直在扮演這種神聖的角色，甚至延續到秦始皇統一六國後。

Even today, the ruins of a massive rock wall can still be seen on the mountain, the last remnant of fortifications built by the State of Qin. After his victory, Qin Shi Huang himself scaled the mountain in order to pay homage for his victory. His pilgrimage began the practice of emperors climbing the mountain after coming to power, firmly establishing it as the cultural center of China. With its 6,600 stone steps, the mountain is host to centuries of historic artifacts, including 1,800 stone tablets and countless inscriptions. Mount Taishan, and the four surrounding mountains later became known as the Five Sacred Mountains, representing the original unification of China.

直到今天，山上還能看見大量的岩石城牆的廢墟，這些僅存的防禦工事是秦國修築的。統一六國後，秦始皇親登泰山，以昭示他的豐功偉績。他的封禪儀式開創了後世皇帝即位必登泰山的先河，由此牢牢樹立了泰山是中華文化中心的形象。6600級石階蜿蜒而上，泰山擁有衆多歷史悠久的古蹟，包括1800塊碑碣和數不清的碑文。後來泰山及其餘四座大山並稱爲家喻戶曉的"五嶽"，共同代表着中國最初的統一。

Strange Birth Of Legalism

6.法家的奇怪誕生

Qin Shi Huang ruled through the principle of legalism. Simply put, legalism dictates that people must earn what they get and pay the price for doing something wrong. Accomplishments lead to promotions and wealth, while making a mistake or breaking the law leads to punishment. Laws need to be clearly stated and public, and the only way to get ahead in life is by following the rules. One of the most famous legalist reformers was Shang Yang, who first presented his theories to King Xiao of Qin. According to the story, the philosopher appeared before the king three times to impart his wisdom. On the first two occasions, the king fell asleep midway through the discussion. The third time, Shang Yang tried a different tack and talked about the use of military might to enforce the law. That got the king's attention, and a fourth meeting for Shang Yang, where the details of legalism were hashed out.

秦始皇以法家學說治國。法家學說施行雖簡單，卻規定了勞有所得、有錯必罰；提出"功當其事，事當其言，則賞；功不當其事，事不當其言，則罰"；要求法律規定明確、公佈於衆，而人們晉升的唯一道路就是遵紀守法。商鞅是法家的代表人物之一，他是第一個向秦孝公提出法家的理論的人。傳說商鞅三見孝公，暢談變法治國之策。在前兩次見面中，秦孝公都在討論中昏昏欲睡。第三次，商鞅嘗試了用不同的遊說方式，他談論了關於法律在軍隊中應用的問題。這勾起了秦孝公的興趣，於是在第四次和商鞅的會面中，律法實施的細節問題在反覆討論中被敲定。

In theory, some of the principles Shang Yang advocated don't sound that bad. The old aristocracy was abolished, replaced with those loyal to the central government. The government itself was centralized, and merit was rewarded. Less popular was the division of the population into small family groups of 5 or 10, with the understanding that if one member did something wrong, the others needed to report it to the government or receive the designated punishment of being cut in half. Ironically, Shang Yang ultimately found himself the victim of some aristocratic plotting and was sentenced to be torn apart by five chariots.

在理論上，商鞅的一些主張並沒有聽起來那麼糟糕。他提倡廢除舊貴族，取而代之的是那些對朝廷忠心的臣民，提出朝廷作爲集權的中心，倡導有功必賞，建議家庭人口以更細的單位劃分，每個家庭5個或10個人，同時附帶一個規則：當一個成員做錯了事，另外的人需要向官衙報告，否則就會被處以腰斬的刑罰。諷刺的是，商鞅最後是被一些貴族密謀陷害，五馬分屍而死。

翻譯：小飛俠 來源：前十網