劍橋雅思閱讀5翻譯及精講(test4)

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劍橋雅思閱讀5原文(test4)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-3

Reading Passage 1 has three sections, A-C.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

I The expansion of international tourism in recent years

Ii How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness tourism

Iii Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there

Iv Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regions

V Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism

Vi The economic benefits of mass tourism

1 Section A

2 Section B

3 Section C

The Impact of Wilderness Tourism

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.

Questions 4-9

Do the following statements reflect the opinion of the writer of Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

4 The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.

5 Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.

6 Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas.

7 The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally.

8 Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year.

9 Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.

Questions 10-13

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

The positive ways in which some local communities have

responded to tourism

People/Location Activity

Swiss Pays d’Enhaut

Arctic communities

Acoma and San lldefonso

Navajo and Hopi Revived production of 10……………

Operate 11……………businesses

Produce and sell 12……………

Produce and sell 13……………

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass

On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.

‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.

Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’

Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.

It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.

The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.

These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.

When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated — by sunlight, for example — the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.

Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.

One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly ￡700,000), the alternative — re-cladding the entire building — would have cost ten times as much.

Questions 14-17

Look at the following people and the list of statements below.

Match each person with the correct statement.

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

14 Brain Waldron

15 Trevor Ford

16 Graham Dodd

17 John Barry

List of Statements

A suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed

B regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure

C closely examined all the glass in one building

D was involved with the construction of Bishops Walk

E recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront Place

F thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggerated

G claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual

H refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure

Questions 18-23

Complete the summary with the list of words A-P below.

Write your answers in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.

Toughened Glass

Toughened glass in favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as 18…………… when it breaks. However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter 19…………… . This fault is a result of the manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very 20…………… . The outer layer 21…………… before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger However, if the glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22…………… . If this happens, the pane of glass may break. The frequency with which such problems occur is 23…………… by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.

A numerous B detected C quickly

D agreed E warm F sharp

G expands H slowly I unexpectedly

J removed K contracts L disputed

M cold N moved O small

P calculated

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

24 Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.

25 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.

26 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide failure.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The effects of light on plant and animal species

Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.

Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds’ breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.

Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.

The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.

The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).

The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.

Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.

Questions 27-33

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27 There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.

28 Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.

29 Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.

30 Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.

31 Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.

32 Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abitifolia’s seasonal rhythm.

33 Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.

Questions 34-40

Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.

34 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where …………… are unpredictable.

35 Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as…………… .

36 Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of …………….

37 Plants that flower when days are long often depend on …………… to help them reproduce.

38 Desert annuals respond to …………… as a signal for reproduction.

39 There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as …………… .

40 Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the …………… of plants in forestry and horticulture.

　劍橋雅思閱讀5原文參考譯文(test4)

TEST 4 PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

The Impact of Wilderness Tourism

荒野旅遊的影響

A偏遠地區的旅遊市場從未曾像現在這麼火爆。世界各國都積極地向高消費遊客推廣它們的“荒野”地區——如髙山、極地、沙漠、小島和溼地。這些地區的吸引力是顯而易見的：從定義上看，荒野旅遊只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投資。但是，這並不意味着發展荒野旅遊不需要付出任何代價。正如1992年聯合國環境與發展大會指出的那樣，這些地區是非常脆弱的(即：在異常壓力下是極容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當地的生態學而言，而且還會影響到當地居民的文化。在以上方面以及就其所覆蓋的地表面積的比例來說，最重要的三種脆弱環境是沙漠、高山和極地。這些地區的一個重要的特徵就是顯著的季節性，在每年的很多月份裏都以惡劣的環境爲主。因此，包括旅遊在內的大多數人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。

遊客來到這些地方是因爲他們被優美的自然風景和當地人獨一無二的文化所吸引。這些地區與外界隔絕，當地貧窮的政府很歡迎“冒險遊客”的到來，這讓他們獲得了一種新的財政收人來源，尤其是遊客帶來的硬通貨。近幾年來，旅遊業已經成爲尼泊爾和不丹的主要外匯收入來源。對於諸如拉普蘭和阿拉斯加等北極地區和包括澳大利亞艾爾斯岩石地區和亞利桑那紀念碑山谷在內的沙漠地區而言，旅遊業也是當地經濟的主要來源。

B一個地區一旦被確定爲主要的旅遊目的地，其對當地社區的影響是意義深遠的。比如，當農夫在幾個星期內幫外國揹包客搬運行李掙的錢多於在田裏工作一年的收入時，很多農夫放棄種田也就不足爲奇了。因此，種田的工作就被轉移到家庭其他成員身上。在--些丘陵地區，這種變化導致了糧食產量的嚴重下降和當地飲食的改變，因爲沒有足夠的勞力去維持梯田和灌溉系統以及照管農作物。因此，這些地區的很多人已經依靠外部供給的米和其他食物爲生。

傳統上，在北極和沙漠地區的社區，全年的生存都依靠打獵捕魚和在相當短的收穫季節採摘果實。然而，當一些居民開始參與旅遊業之後，他們不再有時間去捕獵採摘野果，這讓他們更加依賴於購買的食物和賣食物的商店。旅遊業並不是隱藏於這些變化背後惟一的“罪魁禍首”：所有付薪資的勞動，或者政府的救濟物都趨向破壞傳統生存系統。不管原因是什麼，困境卻總是相同的：如果這些新的外來的收入來源枯竭了該怎麼辦?

旅遊者對環境的影響是另一個與荒野旅遊的發展有聯繫的嚴重問題。人們在主要的破壞問題上已經投入了很大的注意力，但也許更重要的是濫伐問題和旅遊者由於做飯和洗澡對水資源產生的影響。不管是在高山還是沙漠地帶，慢生型樹木通常是燃料的主要來源，而水資源也有可能由於使用過量而嚴重緊缺。

C過去幾年裏，旅遊業所帶來的問題越來越多。但是這沒有必要成爲一個問題。雖然旅遊業不可避免地影響着旅遊地，這些脆弱的環境和當地文化所付出的代價可以降到最低。實際上，旅遊業甚至可以成爲加速當地文化復興的快車，就像尼泊爾昆布山谷的雪帕族和一些阿爾卑斯山的村莊一樣。越來越多的冒險旅遊業的經營者正在努力，以便確保他們的活動從長期來看有益於當地人民和環境。

在瑞士阿爾卑斯地區，社區決定他們未來將依靠旅遊業與當地經濟更有效的整合。瑞士貝伊東地區對於持續增加的別居開發採取了強制措施以限制其發展。這個地區的公共乾酪產量也得到了大幅回升，給當地人提供了不依靠外來遊客的更可靠的收入來源。

很多北極地區的旅遊目的地是被外來公司開發的。這些公司僱用短期工，將大部分利潤轉移到自己國家的公司總部。但是，現在一些北極社區正在自主運作旅遊生意，因此能確保增加當地的收益。例如，阿拉斯加本地的公司僱用本地人開展從安克雷奇到扣贊伯的空中之旅，在那裏遊客可以吃到北極的食物，走在苔原上，並觀看當地音樂家和舞蹈演員的表演。

美國西南部沙漠地區的當地人也採取了相同的策略。他們鼓勵遊客到印第安村莊和保留地參觀併購買質量上乘的手工藝品和藝術品。阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發展了高利潤的陶器生意，那瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區在珠寶業方面也獲得了類似的成功。

當旅遊業進入自己的家鄉時，居住在脆弱環境地區的很多人失去了對經濟、文化和環境的控制。因爲人們想見識新地方的強烈願望並不會消失，所以僅僅限制旅遊業並不能消除這種不平衡。處於脆弱環境的社區必須要取得對旅遊業的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅遊業的要求和當地人的需求和渴望。越來越多的社區表明，通過強有力的社區決策，實現這種平衡是完全可能的。現在最棘手的問題是這種平衡的實現能否成爲規範，而不僅僅是特例。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass

殘缺美：鋼化玻璃的問題

1999年8月3號，天氣異常炎熱，在英國小鎮賽倫塞斯特上，位於主教街的一家購物中心屋頂上的一大片鋼化玻璃在沒有任何徵兆的情況下突然裂成碎片並掉了下來。隨即，其生產者——大型玻璃製造商Pilkington公司的專家對掉落的碎片進行了分析。經過分析，專家幾乎確定這次事故是由玻璃內部硫化鎳的微型晶體引起的。

“玻璃行業已經意識到了這個問題。”英國貿易協會之一——玻璃及玻璃裝配協會標準委員會主席，同時也是Pilkingtcm公司標準發展官員的Brian Waldron宣稱。但是他堅持認爲這種情況只不過是滄海一粟罷了。“這是非常罕見的現象。”他說。

但不同意見也同時存在。參與主教街事件調查的諮詢工程師Barrie Josie宣稱，“平均每個月我都會看到一兩幢建築物遭遇類似的硫化鎳問題。”其他專家也講述了類似經歷。位於倫敦的Sanberg公司的諮詢工程師Tony Wilraott以及來自漢普西爾的CladTech協會的Simon Armstrong均聲稱自己瞭解大量此類情況。“公衆所知道的只不過是冰山一角罷了，”昆士蘭州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃專家Trevor Ford說道。他認爲原因很簡單：“沒人想要壞新聞。”

鋼化玻璃被廣泛應用於汽車、候車亭以及世界各地數以千計的建築物上的窗子、牆面和屋頂。原因很簡單，鋼化坡璃的強度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎時裂成細小顆粒而不是鋒利的大塊碎片。大塊的鋼化坡璃可以拼成透明的玻璃牆，用它做屋頂和地面也很方便，所以建築師對鋼化玻璃情有獨鍾。

鋼化玻璃是由普通玻璃製成的：把一塊普通玻璃加熱到大約620攝氏度，使之輕度軟化、結構膨脹，然後用冷氣流迅速將其冷卻。這導致玻璃的外層先於內部收縮和凝固。玻璃內部最終冷卻並凝固後對玻璃外層產生拉力作用，使之始終處於壓力之下，它還會使玻璃內部產生張力.裂縫最容易在有壓力的物體中擴張，所以要防止玻璃破晬就必須消除玻璃表面的壓力，使之不容易破碎。

當玻璃含有硫化鎳雜質時，問題就出現了。痕量的鎳和硫通常出現在製作玻璃的原材料中，熔化過程中鎳合金碎片也會增加玻璃的鎳含量。玻璃被加熱之後，這些原子相互作用形成了微型的硫化鎳晶體。熔爐中0.1克的鎳就會產生多達5萬個晶體。

這些晶體以兩種形式存在：髙溫下穩定的密度較大的α相和室溫下穩定的密度小一些的β相。強化過程中的高溫把所有的硫化鎳晶體都轉化成高密度的α相。但是接下來的冷卻過程如此迅速，以至於硫化鎳晶體沒有足夠的時間重新轉化成β相。這在玻璃中遺留下不穩定的α相晶體，它就像被壓縮的彈簧一樣隨時可能毫無徵兆地重新轉化爲β相。

當硫化鎳晶體由α相轉化成β相時，體積膨脹4%。如果α相晶體位於張力最大的玻璃中央，膨脹產生的壓力可以使整塊玻璃破裂。破裂時間無法預測，可能是生產出來的幾個月後也可能是幾十年後，儘管玻璃被日光加熱會加快晶體的轉化速度。Graham Dodd，倫敦Arup顧問建築師說：“具有諷刺意味的是，因爲含有硫化鎳而導致破裂的‘歷史最悠久’的鋼化玻璃是蘭開夏郡拉蘇的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大廈的玻璃，使用時間是27 年。”

能夠表明硫化鎳問題的規模的數據幾乎無法找到。硫化鎳晶體總是成批出現，使問題更加複雜。所以，即使平均每7噸的玻璃裏只有一個雜質，但是，只要有一個硫化鎳晶體發生破裂，這就意味着這個建築物中不止一塊鋼化玻璃存在着問題。Josie說，在過去的十年間，他參加建造的建築物超過15個，因爲硫化鎳產生問題的建築物數量達到兩位數。

一個最糟糕的例子就是建於1990年的Waterfront Place。在建成後的10年間，這個位於布里斯班的40層的大樓經歷了一系列的毀壞。在專家最終到來之前，因爲硫化鎳雜質的問題，有80塊鋼化玻璃破碎。昆士蘭大學的硫化鎳專家Barry分析了大廈所有的鋼化玻璃。攝影師乘吊車用室內攝像機拍下了毎一塊鋼化玻璃，之後這些照片被放在改良縮微膠片閱讀機上掃描以檢測硫化鎳的痕跡。“我們發現至少還有120塊鋼化玻璃存在可能導致危險的雜質，這些玻璃都需要更換，”Bairy說：“這是一個昂貴的、非常耗費時間的過程，大約需要6個月的時間才能完成。”雖然這項工程花費了160萬澳幣(相當於70萬英鎊)，但重新修復整個大廈所需的花費將會是這個費用的10倍。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

The effects of light on plant and animal species

光對動植物的影響

光對於生物體的重要性是由於兩個不同的原因。第一，光被動植物用作日常時間和季節節奏的暗示;第二，光有助於植物生長。

大多數生物體的繁殖都只發生在一年中的某些時候，因此，需要一個可靠的提示來引發繁殖行爲。日照長度就是非常好的提示，因爲它提供了一個極好的可預測的一年之中變化的模式。在溫帶的春季，一天與一天之間氣溫波動很大，但是日照長度卻按照可預測的數量穩步增加。受季節性影響的日照長度在生理學上的反應叫做光周期現象。這種現象的試驗證據的數量相當可觀。例如，僅僅通過人工增加日照長度，一些鳥類甚至在冬至的時候都會被誘發繁殖(Wolfson, 1964年)。在植物中也有光周期的例子。當日照低於一定的臨界長度，短日照植物會開花。而當日照超過一定的臨界長度時，長日照植物就會開花。在這兩個例子中，臨界日照長度因物種的不同而存在差異。那些不受光周期影響，經過一段時間的生長之後便開花的植物叫做日中性植物。

諸如鳥類等動物的繁殖期佔據了一年中其後代最有可能生存下來的時間。在繁殖期開始之前，必須儲存足夠的食物以支持繁殖過程中的能量消耗，並且需要爲還在巢中和剛長羽毛不久的小鳥提供食物。因此，很多溫帶的鳥類將春季日照長度的增加當作開始築巢週期的提示，因爲在這個時候能保證有足夠的食物來源。

植物對光周期現象的適應性也很明顯。溫帶地區的短日照植物在春天開花以便在生長季節讓幼苗長得最快。長日照植物會選擇能夠得到昆蟲授精或者使種子有較長成熟期的時期。溫帶的短日照植物秋季開花，這樣能夠在生長季節建立食物儲備，也能以種子的形式度過冬天。日中性植物有進化優勢。對於它們而言，繁殖的最好季節和日照長度之間並沒有必然的關係。例如，對於沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水，它們就會生長、開花、結果，不受日照長短的影響。

一些植物的生殖期會拖得特別長。竹子是多年生植物，在很多年的時間裏都保持生長狀態，然後突然開花、結果、死亡(Evans, 1976)。1884年，牙買加島上的Chusquea abietifolia竹子全部開花、結果、死亡。下一代的這種竹子在1916年到1918年間也都開花、死亡了，這喑示這種竹子的生長期大約爲31年。這種花期循環的氣候誘因目前還不清楚，但是其適應性卻是很清楚的。大量的竹子同時育種(在一些例子中，種子在地下12到15釐米深)，種子的數量超過了這一時期以種子爲食的動物所能吃掉的全部數量，這樣，一些種子就能存活下來，長成下一代(Evans, 1976)。

光對於生物體來說很重要的第二個原因是由於它對光合作用至關重要。光合作用是植物通過太陽能將土壤或水中的碳轉化成供生長所需的有機物質的過程。通過計算植物對碳的吸收速率可以計量出光合作用的速率。光合作用對植物的影響因爲光照強度的不同有很大的區別，一些植物在1/4全光照的時候能達到光合作用最高值;而另外一些植物，比如甘蔗，從來不能達到最髙值，但是隨着光照強度的增加，光合作用的速率會持續增高。

總體而言，植物可以被分爲兩種：耐陰類和喜光類。這一分類在林業和園藝業中廣泛使用。耐陰植物光合作用的速率低，因此生長速度低於喜光植物。植物物種會逐漸適應生活在某一特定的環境中，並在此過程中產生一系列的特性，這些特性會阻止它們去佔據別的環境。Grime (1966)指出，光照可能是指導這些適應性的主要因素之一。例如，東方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是耐陰植物，它們可以生存在森林中光照很少的林下葉層，因爲它們的光合作用速率低。

劍橋雅思閱讀5原文解析(test4)

Test 4 Passage1

Question 1

答案: iii

關鍵詞: fragile regions; reasons

定位原文: A部分首段第5句: “As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Envi?ronment…” 第2段首句: “Tourists are drawn to these regions…”

解題思路: 原文A部分首段第5句的“正如在1992年聯合國環境與發展大會上指出的那樣，這些地區是非常脆弱的(即在異常壓力下是極度容易被破壞的)。”第2段首句又說道：“遊客來到這些地方是因爲他們被優美的自然風景和當地人獨一無二的文化所吸引。”所以答案應爲選項iii。

Question 2

答案：v

關鍵詞: effect

定位原文: B部分第1段的首句: “Once a location is established…”

解題思路: 原文B部分第1段的首句的表述是：“一旦一個地區被確定爲主要的旅遊目的地，對當地社區的影響是意義深遠的。”因此答案應爲選項v。

Question 3

答案：ii

關鍵詞: balance their own needs with the demands

定位原文: C部分的最後1段的第2句、第3句: “Merely restricting tourism… Instead, communities in fragile environments must…”

解題思路: 原文C部分的最後1段的前幾句話簡要地做了總結，說到: 僅僅限制旅遊業並不能消除這種不平衡, 處於脆弱環境的社區必須要取得對旅遊業的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅遊業的要求和當地人的需求和渴望。因此答案應爲選項ii。

Question 4

答案：YES

關鍵詞: low financial cost

定位原文: 原文A部分首段第3句: “The attraction of these areas is…”

解題思路: 題目：荒野旅遊低廉的成本使得它對許多國家都極具吸引力。原文：“這些地區的吸引力是顯而易見的：在從定義上看，荒野旅遊只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投入。”因此答案爲YES。

Question 5

答案： YES

關鍵詞: deserts, mountains and Arctic regions, ecologically, culturally

定位原文: 原文A部分首段第2句: “Countries all across the world are…” 及第5句: “As the 1992 United Nations Conference…”

解題思路: 題目：生態環境和文化環境都很脆弱的例子有沙漠、高山和極地。

原文：“世界各國都積極地向高消費遊客推廣它們的“荒野”地區——比如高山、極地、森林、小島和溼地。……這些地區是非常脆弱的(即，在異常壓力下是極度容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當地的生態學而言，而且還會影響到當地居民的文化。”因此答案爲YES。

Question 6

答案：NO

關鍵詞: through the year, fragile areas

定位原文: 原文A部分首段最後1句: “Consequently, most human activities…”

解題思路: 題目：脆弱地區全年任何時候均可進行荒野旅遊。

原文：“包括旅遊在內的大多數人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。”因此答案爲NO。

Question 7

答案：YES

關鍵詞: hill-regions, food

定位原文: 原文B部分首段第3句: “In some hill-regions…”

解題思路: 題目：一些丘陵地區旅遊業的發展導致了當地糧食產量的下降。原文：“在一些丘陵地區，這種變化導致了糧食產量的嚴重下降和當地飲食的改變。”因此答案爲YES。

Question 8

答案：NO

關鍵詞: food-gathering, over the year

定位原文：原文B部分第2段第1句: “In Arctic and desert societies…”

解題思路: 題目：沙漠地區傳統的食物採集工作全年平均分配。原文：“處在北極和沙漠中的社區，傳統上，全年的生存都依靠打獵捕魚和在相當短的季節裏採摘果實。然而，當一些居民開始參與旅遊業之後，他們不再有時間去採摘野果，這讓他們更加依賴於購買的食物和賣食物的商店。”因此答案爲NO。

Question 9

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞: government handouts, food-gathering

定位原文：原文B部分第2段第4句: “All kinds of wage labour, or government…”

解題思路: 題目：政府的救濟物對傳統的食物採集模式造成的傷害比旅遊業對其造成的傷害更大。

原文：“旅遊業並不是隱藏於這些變化背後惟一的“罪魁禍首”：所有付薪資的勞動，或者政府的救濟物都趨向破壞傳統生存系統。”原文中沒有提到題目中的比較關係，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 10

答案：cheese

關鍵詞: d’Enhaut

定位原文：定位到原文C部分第2段末句: “There has also been a renaissance in…”

解題思路: 原文提到了 “cheese production in the area”，所以填cheese。

Question 11

答案：tour/tourism/tourist

關鍵詞: Arctic communities

定位原文: 原文C部分第3段第2句: “Arctic communities are now operating…”

解題思路: 原文提到了 “are now operating tour businesses”，所以填“tour”。

Question 12

答案: pottery

關鍵詞: Acoma and San lldefonso

定位原文: 原文C部分第4段末句: “The Acoma and San…”

解題思路: 原文提到：“阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發展了高利潤的陶器生意”。所以填pottery。

Question 13

答案：jewellery

關鍵詞：Navajo and Hopi

定位原文：原文C部分第4段末句: “The Acoma and San…”

解題思路: 原文提到：“瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區在珠寶業方面也獲得了類似的成功”，所以填jewellery。

Test 4 Passage2

Question 14

答案： G

關鍵詞: Brain Waldron

定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “But he insists that…”

解題思路: 原文：“這是非常罕見的現象。”BrianWaldron說。因此答案爲選項G。

Question 15

答案：A

關鍵詞: Trevor Ford

定位原文: 原文第3段最後兩句 “What you hear is only the…He believes the reason…”

解題思路: 原文：“公衆所知道的只不過是冰山一角罷了。”昆士蘭州布里斯班市Resolve工程公司的玻璃專家Trevor Ford說道。他認爲原因很簡單：“沒人想要壞新聞。”因此答案爲選項A。

Question 16

答案：H

關鍵詞: Graham Dodd

定位原文: 原文第8段倒數第2句: “Ironically, says Graham Dodd…”

解題思路: 原文：Graham Dodd，倫敦Arup顧問建築師說，“具有諷刺意味的是，因爲含有硫化鎳而導致破裂的‘歷史最悠久’的鋼化玻璃是蘭開夏郡拉蘇的Pilkington公司的玻璃研究大廈的玻璃，使用時間是27年。” 因此答案爲選項H。

Question 17

答案：C

關鍵詞: John Barry

定位原文: 原文末段第4句: “John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide…”

解題思路: 原文：昆士蘭大學的硫化鎳專家Barry分析了大廈所有的鋼化玻璃。因此答案爲選項C。

Question 18

答案: F

關鍵詞: break

定位原文: 原文第4段第3句: “This glass has five times…”

解題思路: 原文：“鋼化玻璃的強度是普通玻璃的5倍，破碎時裂成細小顆粒而不是鋒利(razor-sharp)的大塊碎片。”因此答案爲選項F。

Question 19

答案：I

關鍵詞: shatter

定位原文: 原文第8段第3句: “The time that elapses before failure…”

解題思路: 原文：“破裂時間無法預測(unpredictable)……”因此答案爲選項I。

Question 20

答案：C

關鍵詞: Heated, cooled

定位原文: 原文第5段第1句: “It is made by heating…”

解題思路: “鋼化玻璃由普通玻璃製成：把一塊普通玻璃加熱到大約620攝氏度，使之輕度軟化、結構膨脹，然後用冷氣流迅速(rapidly)將其冷卻。”因此答案爲選項C。

Question 21

答案：K

關鍵詞: out layer, inner layer

定位原文: 原文第5段第2句: “This causes the outer layer…”

解題思路: 原文：“這導致玻璃的外層先於內部收縮(contract)和凝固。”因此答案爲選項K。

Question 22

答案： E

關鍵詞: expand suddenly

定位原文: 原文第8段第4句: “It could happen just months after…”

解題思路: 原文：“儘管玻璃被日光(heated)會加快晶體的轉化速度。”因此答案爲選項E。

Question 23

答案：L

關鍵詞: glass experts

定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “It’s a very rare phenomenon…” 及第3段第1句: “Others disagree.”

解題思路: 原文中Brian Waldmn宣稱這是非常罕見的現象，而其他人如Barrie Josie等則持否定意見，由此可見專家對於問題發生的機率有爭議，因此答案爲選項L。

Question 24

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞: doubt, Bishops Walk

定位原文: 原文首段最後1句: “When fragments were analysed by experts…”

解題思路: 題目：關於主教街的購物中心的事故原因幾乎沒有疑問

原文：“經過分析，專家幾乎確^次亊故是由玻璃內部硫化鎳的微型晶體引起的。”因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 25

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞: ordinary glass

定位原文: 無

解題思路: 題目：鋼化玻璃和普通玻璃外觀相同。原文中沒有出現相對應的比較。因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 26

答案： FALSE

關鍵詞: documented evidence, nickel sulphide failure

定位原文: 原文倒數第2段首句: “Data showing the scale…”

解題思路: 題目：關幹硫化鎳問題可以找到充足的可考證的證據。原文：“能夠表明硫化鎳問題的規模的數據幾乎無法找到。”因此答案爲FALSE。

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞: scientific evidence, photoperiodism

定位原文: 原文第2段笫4句: “The seasonal impact of day

解題思路: 題目：支持光周期現象的科學證椐十分充分。原文：“受季節性影響的日照長度在生理學上的反應叫做光周期現象，這種現象的試驗證據的數量相當可觀。”因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 28

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞: bird, breed, season

定位原文: 原文第2段第5句: “For example, some species of…”

解題思路: 題目：一些鳥類能夠被誘發在非繁殖季節進行繁殖。原文：“僅僅通過人工增加日照長度，一些鳥類甚至在冬至的時候被誘發繁殖(Wolfson, 1964年)。”因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 29

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：photoperiodism, geographic areas

定位原文: 無

解題思路: 題目：光周期現象被限制在一些特定地區。原文沒有提到題目的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 30

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞: desert annuals, long-day plants

定位原文: 原文第4段最後兩句: “Day-neutral plants have… For example…”

解題思路: 題目：沙漠植物屬幹長日照植物。

原文：“日中性植物有進化優勢。對於它們而言，繁殖的最好季節和日照長度之間並沒有必然的關係。例如，對於沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水，它們就會生長、開花、結果，不受日照長短的影響。”由此可見沙漠植物屬於日中性植物而非長日照植物。因此答案爲FALSE。

Question 31

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞: bamboo

定位原文: 原文第5段第2句: “Bamboos are perennial grasses…”

解題思路: 題目：“竹子在其生命週期中開好幾次花。”

原文：“竹子是多年生植物，在很多年的時間裏都保持生長狀態，然後突然開花、結果、死亡(Evans, 1976)。”因此答案爲FALSE。

Question 32

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞: Chusquea abietifolia

定位原文: 原文第5段第3句至第5句

解題思路: 題目：科學家還沒有確定關於Chusquea abietifolia竹子季節性週期的線索。

原文：“1884年，牙買加島上的竹子全部開花、結果、死亡。下一代的這種竹子在1916年到1918年間也都開花、死亡了，這暗示這種竹子的生長期大約爲31年。這種花期循環的氣候誘因目前還不清楚……” 因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 33

答案： FALSE

關鍵詞: Eastern hemlock

定位原文: 原文末段第3句: “Shade-tolerant plants have…”及倒數第2句: “For example, eastern hemlock seedlings…”

解題思路: 題目：東方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是一種生長快速的植物。

原文：“耐陰植物的光合作用速率低，因此生長速度低於喜光植物。……東方的芹葉鉤吻幼苗是耐陰植物，它們可以生存在森林中光照很少的林下葉層，因爲它們的光合作用速率低。”因此答案爲FALSE。

Question 34

答案：temperatures

關鍵詞: Day length, cue

定位原文: 原文第2段笫1句至第3句: “Breeding in most organisms occurs during… Day length is… In the temperate zone…”

解題思路: 題目：在__不可預測的地區，日照長度是繁殖的有用提示。

原文：“大多數生物體的繁殖都只發生在一年中的某些時候，因此，需要一個可靠的提示來引發生育行爲。日照長度就是非常好的提示，因爲它提供了一個極好的可預測的一年之中變化的模式。在溫帶的春季，一天與一天之間氣溫(temperatures)波動很大，但是日照長度卻按照可預測的數量穩步增加。”因此答案爲temperatures。

Question 35

答案：day-neutral

關鍵詞: Do not respond to light

定位原文: 原文第2段末句: “Plants which flower after…”

解題思路: 對光周期沒什麼反應的植物被稱爲__。

原文：“那些不受光周期影響、經過一段時間生長之後便開花的植物叫做日中性植物(day-neuteal)。”因此答案爲day-neutral。

Question 36

答案：food

關鍵詞: Birds, nesting

定位原文: 原文第3段末句: “Thus many temperate-zone birds…”

解題思路: 溫帶的鳥類將日照長度與築巢和__聯繫起來。

原文：“因此，很多溫帶的鳥類將春季日照長度的增加當作開始築巢週期的提示，因爲在這個時候能保證有足夠物(food)來源。”因此答案爲food。

Question 37

答案：fertilization by insects

關鍵詞: Plants, days are long

定位原文: 原文第4段第3句: “Long-day plants are adapted for…”

解題思路: 題目：長日照植物依靠__幫助其繁殖。

原文：“長日照植物會選擇能夠得到昆蟲授精(fertilization by insects)或者使種子有較長成熟期的時期。”因此答案爲fertilization by insects。

Question 38

答案: rainfall

關鍵詞: Desert annuals

定位原文: 原文第4段末句: “For example, desert annuals germinate…”

解題思路: 題目：沙漠植物將__視爲繁殖的信號。

原文：“對於沙漠的一年生植物而言，只要有合適的雨水(rainfall)，它們就會生長、開花、結果，不受日照長短的影響。”因此答案爲rainfall。

Question 39

答案：sugarcane

關鍵詞: Photosyn?thetic

定位原文: 原文第6段末句: “Some plants reach maximal…”

解題思路: 題目：沒有光合作用率限制的植物包括__。

原文：“一些植物在1/4全光照的時候能達到光合作用最高值;而另外一些植物，比如甘蔗(sugarcane)，從來不能達到最高值，但是隨着光照強度的增加，光合作用的速率會持續增高。”因此答案爲sugarcane。

Question 40

答案：classification

關鍵詞: Tolerance to shade，forestry, horticulture

定位原文: 原文末段第2句: “This classification is commonly used in…”

解題思路: 題目：能否耐陰是林業和園藝業對植物__的一個評判標準。

原文：“總體而言，植物可以被分爲兩種：耐陰類、不喜光類。這一分類(classification)在林業和園藝業中廣泛使用。”因此答案爲classification。

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劍橋雅思閱讀5翻譯及精講(test4)

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