英語國家概況英國的歷史起源
當我們看英國的電影時，會不會對於這個國家的歷史起源感興趣呢?下面是本站小編帶來英國的歷史起源的介紹，歡迎大家閱讀!
(公元前5000年—1066年)
val and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居
Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經驗的農民，他們排幹沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言爲基礎發展而來的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年佈列吞人的抵達。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(羅馬征服)II. Roman Invasion 羅馬征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
公元前55到公元前54年，凱撒大帝兩次征服，但只是96年名義上的佔領。真正的征服開始於公元43年，並持續了350年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
羅馬征服並沒有真正的征服英吉利，但羅馬人帶去了先進的技術，尤其是公路系統。羅馬人在語言和文化上都沒能征服當地人，只有他們的宗教例外。許多羅馬教堂拔地而起。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(盎格魯—撒克遜人)III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格魯—撒克遜人
1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時代(奠定了英國的基礎)
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to were three Teutonic tribes.
五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼(條頓)部落。
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became theKing of Kent in 449.
②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established theirkingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the6th century.
③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany andwere to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and e seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
居住在日德蘭半島(現丹麥南部)上從事打漁農耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個朱特人首領於449年當上了國王。後來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。
六世紀後半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時把他們的族名加諸在英國人夠上。這七個主要王國(肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞)，合稱爲七王國。
early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信
__The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen(異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks inthe north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉__外，基督__就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬聖安德魯修道院的院長聖奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督__元579年聖奧古丁成爲坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督__，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功於北方修道們的傳教活動。
Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人爲英國做出的貢獻。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they
①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courtsand shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field
②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also
③established the manorial system(莊園制). Finally, they
④created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to advise the king, the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人構築了英國的國家基礎。首先，他們把國家劃分爲郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執法。其次，他們設計的窄條三區輪作制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領地制。最後，他們還創立了諮議會(賢人會議)，向國王提供建議，這就成爲了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵)ng and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵
invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especiallybetween 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianityin 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to theSaxon kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀，尤其是公元835-878年間已成爲嚴重問題。他們甚至佔領了約克郡，公元867年時的__中心。到9世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。
Alfred (849-899) and his contributions
艾爾弗雷德國王(849-899)和他所做出的貢獻
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement withthem in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He alsoconverted some leading Danes into Christians.
He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy".
He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.
He ③translated a Latin book into English.
He also ④established schools and
⑤formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."
阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，並於公元879年與他們達成了友好協議。協議規定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部(丹麥法區)，而他統治其他地區。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成爲__徒。
他因爲建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名於世。他改組了“弗立德”(撒克遜軍隊)，使之更爲高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學校，並且闡明瞭法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧於“阿爾弗雷德大王。”的稱號。
英語國家概況:英國的歷史起源(諾曼征服)Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服
ons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.
威廉在愛德華死後入侵英國的原因。
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan choseHarold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during theimportant battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day,William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
據說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德爲國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰爭中戰死。在聖誕節加冕，成爲英國國王，從此開始了諾曼征服。
Norman Conquest and its consequences
諾曼征服及其產生的影響。
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps
①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror
②confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weakSaxon rule with
③a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
④Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce wereextended.
⑤Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.
⑥The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts wereseparated from the civil courts.
1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國曆史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。於是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關係，文明和商業得到發展，引進了諾曼—法蘭西文化、語言、行爲規範和建築藝術。教會與羅馬的聯繫更爲密切，教會法庭與民事法庭分離。
English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many Englishpeople were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-Frenchorigin.
英國是一個集不同民族於一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統。
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