英語國家概況精講：美國教育

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　　1)Characteristics of American education:

①formal education in the US consistes ofelementary, secondary and highereducation.②Elementary and secondaryeducation,which forms public education, is free andcompulsory③public and private schools:Public schoolsare created, financially supported and governed bystates or communities, and private ones by religiousgroups, or nonreligious private organizations orindividuals.④the Tenth Amendment to theConstitution said education was included among theresponsibilities which were "reserved to the states or the people", This makes it clear thateducation is a function of the state, not the federal government.⑤diversity and sameness ineducational policy and practice.

1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.構成公共教育的初、中等教育是免費和義務的;3.公立和私立學校：公立學校由州或社區創建、資助和管理，私立由宗教團體、或非宗教性質的個人或組織來創建;4.《憲法第十修正案》把教育包括在‘只屬於州和人民’的職責中，這清晰表明教育是州的職能，並非聯邦政府的;5.教育政策和教學實踐的多樣性和類同性

　　2)Elementary and secondary educationin the US

Elementary schools: In some states the elementary school covers grades 1-8, but in someother states it covers grades 1-5 or 6. so it takes 5,6or 8 years to finish the elementary schoolin the United Stetes. The elementary school curriculum mainly consists of mastery of the"basics"(基礎課) ， such as reading, writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.

一些州小學包括1-8年級，但另一些是1-5或6年級。所以在美國小學要花5，6或8年完成。小學的課程重要包括‘基本知識’的掌握，比如閱讀，寫作，和算術或數學。

Secondary Schools: Secondary schools are also called high schools in the United Stetes,covering grades 9-12,the junior high school 6or 7-9,and the high school 10-12. High schoolsare made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhatdifferent tasks. There are 21000 public secondary schools and a number of private secondaryschools in the US.

中學包括9-12年級或初中6或7到9，高中10-12。中學包括不同教學任務的綜合性學校，普通文化課學校和職業和技術學校。共有21000所公立中學和一些私立中學。

　　3)Different types of colleges and universities:

①research universities②doctoral universities ③master's comprehensive colleges anduniversities.④Liberal arts colleges ⑤junior colleges ⑥specialized institutions.

學院和大學的區別：1.研究性大學;2.博士學位大學;3.碩士學位綜合大學和學院;4.文科學院;5.兩年專科學院;6.專科學院

Famous universities:Harvard,Yale,Princeton,Columbia and MIT(Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology),Stanford,Berkeley.

哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓，哥倫比亞，麻省理工學院，斯坦福，伯克利。

　　4)the admission system in US univerisities:

Thegeneral standards for admission include successlcompletion of high school(高中畢業), high schoolgrade point average(GPA)( 高中年紀平均積分點成績)and class rank (在班級名次),results fromstandardized tests such as the Scholastic AptitudeTest (SIA)(學生技能測試) and American CollegeTesting Program's(美國大學考試計劃) examination. Butsome universities practise open admission(敞開招生):they admit all high school graduates and all residentsof the state(州內所有居民) 。

大學的入學體系：入學的普遍標準包括中學的順利畢業，GPA，班級名次，標準化測驗的成績就像SAT和ACTP。但是一些大學也實行開放式入學：他們允許所有中學畢業生或所有本州的所有居民。

The role of the community college:①they prepare students for transferring to a BA program ata four-year institution. ②they provide vocational training;③they give remedialinstruction(補習課) to students. ④they offer recreational, cultural activities for Adults. ⑤theyabsorb students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocationalprogram.

社會學院的作用：1.爲學生攻讀4年制院校學士學位做準備;2.提供職業培訓;3.補習指導;4.爲成人提供文化娛樂活動;5.將不適應4年制學習的學生吸收到較低一級的職業培訓中。

　　5) Adult education

some colleges and universities offer "continuing education" program of associate degrees,graduate studies or professional r such system,a worker may continue hisstudy even on a part-time basis.一些學院和大學提供繼續教育,授予準學士學位，研究生課程或專業培訓。在這樣的體制下，工人可以在業餘時間繼續其學業。

6)Education reform in the 1980s and early 1990s.教育改革

①"a Nation At Risk" report in 1983 put forward five proposals(P.328) to improve Americaneducation;the education reforms had two focuses: the raising of the standards of teaching andlearning; the restructuring of the schools.1983年，一篇名爲〈處於危機中的國家〉的報道，提出了5條建議改善美國的教育;教育改革有兩個重點：提高教學水平，調整學校結構。

②in 1991,President Bush issued his plan "America 2000: An Education Strategy". It set sixgoals(P.330) and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of the goals.

1991年，布什總統公佈了他的〈2000年的美國：一項教育策略〉計劃。確定了6個目標和有效達到這一目標的一系列建議。