夏季的十件煩心事(下)
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5.曬傷燒傷
Burns are rampant in the summer months. However, grilling and sunburns are not the only ways people end up burned. Every summer, around 10,000 Americans are injured by fireworks. (Half of these incidents occur just within the first week of July.)
夏天，灼傷日益常見。BBQ、太陽暴曬可不是你灼傷的唯一因素。每年夏天，大概有一萬美國人會被煙花燒傷（其中半數事件發生在七月的第一週之內）。Sunburn is the silent killer. Although it rarely results in hospitalization, the lasting impacts are becoming increasingly apparent to researchers. Those who suffer from numerous sunburns as kids and young adults are at greater risk of skin cancer later in life. Sunburn can also cause more immediate side effects like heatstroke, dehydration, sun poisoning, fainting, and even seizures in extreme cases.
日曬是無聲殺手。儘管很少有人因曬太陽就醫，但研究表明，過度日曬的長期影響越來越明顯。那些早年經常曬傷的人晚年時期得皮膚癌得風險就要高得多。曬傷也可引起更爲直接的副作用，如中暑，脫水，日光中毒，昏厥，甚至導致癲癇發作。
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4.溺水危險
Water incidents are an inevitable factor when the weather gets warmer. Beaches and pools are at capacity, with children and adults sharing an equal love for the water. It's a summer staple for most.
溺水事故在夏天在再常見不過。海灘和游泳館都能讓兒童和成人享受水。游泳可是夏季娛樂餐桌上的主食。Drowning would be a gruesome way to die. In fact, it is the third-leading cause of unintentional death. The CDC estimates that about one in five people who die from drowning are under age 14.
可溺亡是很痛苦的死法。事實上，溺亡是世界上第三大死因。美國國家疾病防疫中心聲稱，死於溺水的人有五分之一是14歲以下的兒童。That leads one to think that those deaths could have been prevented with proper supervision or even swim instruction. Swim lessons can prove effective for many and are strongly recommended for those who live by or are planning on traveling to an area with water. Life jackets for youngsters can also save lives.
這讓人不禁思考，如果有預先防範措施和設備，這些人可能不會喪命。游泳課程給很多人提供了有用的生存技能——尤其是那些在近水處居住的或旅遊的人。救生衣也會在關鍵時刻救你一命。There are other ways in which people find themselves in dangerous situations involving water. Having a drink by the pool can be harmless at times. But there is no doubt that it can impair one's senses to a point that swimming is nearly impossible. Rip currents are also dangerous as they can appear in seconds and snatch a small child right off the sand.
但是也有其他讓你陷入溺水危險的情況。有時在水中喝幾口水可能沒有危險，但是這會讓你忽視你不會游泳的危險進而盲目划水，導致危險。激流也非常危險，因爲它會在幾秒鐘內出現然後捲走一個正在沙灘上玩耍的孩子。What hides under the water's surface can also threaten the lives and health of swimmers. Bacteria grow faster in the summer months and often can be found in both natural and man-made bodies of water.
水裏含有的東西也時常威脅游泳者的健康甚至性命。在夏季細菌會加速繁殖，在天然水域以及人工水池中均是這樣。Naegleria fowleri is a commonly used example. This is a brain-eating amoeba that lives in lakes. Red tide is something to which most beachgoers are accustomed. This is when the bacteria levels reach a certain threshold and cities are forced to shut down their beaches to keep citizens safe.
舉例說，福氏耐格里阿米巴原蟲是一種生長於湖水中的食腦變形原蟲。赤潮對於海灘常客來說也已經司空見慣了。因爲水中細菌達到一定水平，政府不得不關閉海灘來保護遊客的安全。The rising bacteria levels are due to an increase in heat that causes an abundance of algal blooms. Red tide causes a toxic cycle that can cause serious illness in humans and kill water life.
持續高溫導致水體中藻類和細菌大量繁殖，而後產生的赤潮現象更會導致惡性循環，也會導致人類疾病並威脅水中其他生物。ent Crime
3.暴力犯罪
Although summer makes most people feel warm and fuzzy, others experience deadly urges. Homicides and violent crimes rise with the temperature. In a study conducted by the University of Albany, it was found that these crimes have a seasonal pattern, peaking in the summer.
雖然夏天讓人感到溫暖和舒服，但也會有人產生致命的念頭。謀殺和暴力犯罪隨溫度上升。在奧爾巴尼大學進行的一項研究中，發現這些罪行的季節性犯罪率在夏季達到頂峯。The leading professor who oversaw the study offered two possible explanations: temperature aggression theory and opportunity theory. According to temperature aggression theory, people get angry (too angry) when temperatures rise.
指導研究的主教授提出了兩種可能的解釋：溫度侵略理論和機會理論。However, opportunity theory (aka stranger danger) states that people, with the tendency to be out and about more in the summer, have a greater chance of meeting strangers. Whether these theories are valid or not, one thing is apparent: Crime rates are notably higher in the summer.
溫度侵略理論是說當溫度升高時，人們更容易變得暴躁、易怒，進而發生暴力事件。而機會理論（亦叫陌生人風險）則是說，夏季人們外出時間增加，遇見的陌生人增加，受到傷害的機率也就隨之增加。無論這些理論是否可信，一件事時顯而易見的：夏季犯罪率非常高。2.食品安全
Grilling, picnicking, trying new exotic meals—it's no wonder there are more instances of food poisoning and other food-borne illnesses when summer rolls around. When interviewed, a senior food safety associate from Penn State University stated that the number of E. coli cases clearly rises in the summer.
燒烤，野餐，嘗試異國風情——這也難怪當夏天來臨的時候，更多的人食物中毒或着得其他食源性疾病。採訪時，賓州州立大學的高級食品安全人員表示，大腸桿菌病例數量在夏季明顯上升。Salmonella instances also see an increase during the summer (not just from eating raw cookie dough). The US Department of Agriculture states two reasons for this seemingly sudden growth in summer. First, bacteria grow faster in the heat as they need moisture to flourish. Second, people are outside more.
沙門氏菌性感冒在夏天也會增加（不僅僅是因爲吃生餅乾麪糰）。美國農業部對此事做出兩種解釋：首先，細菌在夏季生長得更快，因爲它們需要水分才能繁殖。第二，人們會在外面呆上更長的時間。Most don't think that any harm will come from cooking outside, but added precautions should be taken when doing so. Make sure that the cooking area is cleaned correctly and use proper refrigeration. Undercooking meat can also make food unsafe for consumption.
大多數人認爲在外做餐不會有什麼事，但在這樣做時應加強預防措施，如確保烹飪區域清潔並使用適當的冷藏工具。未熟食物也是不安全的。als Gone Wild
1.狂野動物
Animal attacks and injuries skyrocket in the summer months. Most reported attacks are not from bears or sharks but from more commonly encountered mammals.
在夏季，動物的襲擊和傷人事件激增。大多數報告表明這些攻擊不是來自熊或鯊魚，而是來自更常見的哺乳動物。The CDC notes that 36 percent of all animal-related deaths were caused by what they categorize as "other mammals." This is a collection of cows and other farm animals grouped together to make statistics easier. Dog bites also rise in the summer for some unknown reason. We could speculate that it is due to more time spent outside or children being out of school, but there is no definite answer.
美國疾病預防中心指出，所有與動物有關的傷人事件中有36％是由他們歸類爲“其他哺乳動物”的動物造成的。這其中包括牛等農產牲畜的目的是使統計出數據更容易。夏天狗狗咬人的數量也莫名上升。我們推測，這是可能是因爲人們經常呆在外面或孩子們放假有更多的時間，但答案並不明確。Snakes bite around 7,000–8,000 people annually. (Fortunately, only around six people die as a result.) Although arguably scarier, bears claim even fewer lives. On average, three people die per year from being attacked by bears. Attack statistics are hard to come by, but the thought of encountering a bear is enough to keep most people away from the woods.
蛇每年會咬七八千人（幸運的是，最後只有約六人死亡）。雖然可以說遇到熊是挺可怕的，但熊殺死的人也不多。平均來說，每年只有三人死於熊的襲擊。儘管熊襲擊人的事件很難統計，但怕遇到熊的想法足以使大多數人離森林遠遠的。For many, the phobia of bees is justified when looking at the CDC's account of bee fatalities from 1999 to 2013. The data shows that over 800 people were killed by bees during that period.
當看到CDC統計的從1999年到2013年因蜜蜂而死亡的人數時，我們對蜜蜂的認識可能要改變了。數據顯示，每年有超過800人被蜜蜂蟄傷後死亡。Every hot spot destination and tourist attraction seems to house some dangerous wild animals. The beach has long been a popular place for tourists. Even though the numbers are relatively weak, shark attacks do still happen.
每個熱門地點或旅遊景點總會藏有一些危險的野生動物。海灘一直是遊客的熱門地點。即使數量相對較少，鯊魚攻擊還是在發生。National Geographic states that 93 percent of shark attacks have been on males, mainly surfers. In recent years, 2010 was the deadliest for shark attacks worldwide with 79 attacks reported.
國家地理局稱93％被鯊魚襲擊的人是男性，主要是衝浪者。近年來，2010年是全世界鯊魚襲擊次數最多的一年，共有79次襲擊。
