被十大隔離牆割裂開的世界(上)

As long as there have been countries there have been tensions with the neighbors. Sometimes this leads to war, other times to peaceful negotiation. And sometimes the conflict leads to giant boundary walls. These are the most influential and the most intimidating.

只要有國家，就會有鄰國間的分歧。有時候這種分歧會引發國家間的戰爭，但有時候也會和平協商解決。還有另一種情況——這些衝突會促使國家間建起巨型界牆，這纔是影響最深、最可怕的後果。

an Demilitarized Zone

10.朝韓非軍事區

With the 1953 ease-fire that halted the Korean War, both sides agreed to split the peninsula at the front lines. This of course gave us North and South Korea. It was agreed that there would be a roughly two and a half mile buffer zone between the two where there would be no military fortifications. It's appropriately called the Demilitarized Zone, and it's currently the most fortified international border in the world. All along each half of the roughly 150 mile line is a constant string of outposts, fortifications and garrisons protecting against any possible act of hostility. The zone is virtually uninhabited except for two villages — Daesong-Dong on the south side, and Kjong-Dong on the north side. Kjong-Dong is the only village in North Korea visible from the south. However, it's clearly just a propaganda village, as all the buildings are nothing more than hollow shells that lack windows and interiors.

1953年戰爭雙方停火標誌着朝鮮戰爭的結束，雙方就以戰爭前線地區爲界，劃朝鮮半島爲兩部分的問題達成一致。這就有了現在的韓國和朝鮮。朝韓雙方都同意劃出大約2.5英里（約3.2千米）的地區作爲緩衝帶，也就是說該區域內將不會有軍事設施。這一區域又稱爲非軍事區，出於防止敵人入侵的考慮，沿着緩衝帶大約150英里（約241千米）長的區域兩側有常駐哨站、防禦工事和邊防軍。整個地域內，只有作爲朝鮮半島南北兩方國土界限標誌的兩個小村莊——韓方的壹城洞村和朝方的機井洞村。從南邊往北望，機井洞村是唯一一個能看得見的朝鮮村莊。但它明顯僅僅是一個軍事宣傳村——村裏所有的建築都是些空殼子，沒有窗戶更沒有傢俱之類的東西。

Also within the zone is the famous village of Panmunjom. There are no permanent residents there, as it serves as a meeting place between the two sides. The border actually runs through the buildings where the two sides meet. It even runs right down the middle of the conference table so the sides can stay on their half. The DMZ has evolved into a dual purpose barrier. Initially its sole purpose was to protect each side from invasion, but as conditions in North Korea got worse the North beefed-up security on their side to ensure defectors wouldn't be able to cross. A minor bright spot is that since the zine is virtually uninhabited it's become a de facto wildlife sanctuary. Many species which were endangered have suddenly been able to thrive without humans around.

著名的板門店村也在該區域範圍內，作爲朝韓的談判場地，板門店村內沒有永久居民。朝韓的南北分界線剛好穿過雙方的談判場所，雙方爲了確保談判都在自己的勢力範圍內，談判桌也被置於分界線的正中位置。這個非軍事區已經發展成爲具備雙重用途的邊界緩衝帶。起初，分界線的唯一目的是避免朝韓雙方遭受過界侵略。隨着朝鮮局勢越來越嚴峻，爲了確保國土安全，朝鮮在該分界線屬於朝鮮的那側加強了軍事防禦。幸好由於這一地區無人居住，各種野生動物可以在這裏安營紮寨。沒有人的打擾，許許多多瀕臨滅絕的物種在此重新開始迅速繁衍。

lla and Cueta Border Fences

9.梅利利亞和休達的邊界圍欄

These two cities are Spanish enclaves along the Moroccan coast. It's the only land in Africa fully governed by a European nation, although Morocco has never recognized the independence of these two cities and has formally stated that both belong to them. They've also long been popular embarkation points for illegal immigrants and smugglers hoping to reach Europe.

梅利利亞和休達是摩洛哥海沿岸的兩個西班牙飛地。儘管摩洛哥從未承認過梅利利亞和休達的主權獨立，甚至還發表官方聲明聲稱這兩個自由市是屬於摩洛哥的領土，但它們確實是非洲大陸上僅剩的隸屬歐盟管轄的領土。長期以來，許多非法移民和走私者都想偷渡至歐洲，而這兩個城市就是倍受青睞的登陸地點。

Due to these factors, formidable fences were built to protect each city. There are two parallel fences spaced about 20 feet apart, each one 20 feet high and topped with razor wire. The Melilla barrier is approximately seven miles long, and the Cueta approximately five. They're easily monitored and patrolled, and both are lit up constantly at night. The European Union aided in the funding in the hope that it would deter illegal activity. Both have so far proven to be effective barriers, but they've increased tensions with Morocco, especially after 15 people died in a failed attempt to cross in 2005.

出於對上述情況的考慮，爲了保護這兩座城市，人們築起了巨大的邊界圍欄。兩道平行的圍欄，相隔約20英尺（約6.6米），高約20英尺（約6.6米），圍欄頂上設有鐵絲網。梅利利亞側的邊界帶長約7英里（約15千米），休達一側長約5英里（約8千米）。兩邊都有巡邏和監視的士兵，整晚燈火通明。歐盟則指望着能通過對梅利利亞-休達地區提供資金支持，以達到阻止該地區不法活動的目的。事實證明，這兩道平行的邊界圍欄都起到了預想的作用，但同時它們也使得兩個自由市與摩洛哥的關係更加緊張，尤其是2005年，15人因企圖穿越邊界圍欄而喪生。

not Line

8.馬其諾防線

Shortly before World War II France justifiably feared invasion from Nazi Germany. Since northeastern France borders Germany, they dedicated a disproportionate amount of military resources to fortifying that border. All along the Maginot Line they built an elaborate series of bunkers, vehicle traps, guard towers and other fortifications strategically placed to make an invasion from the powerful German military very difficult.

法國東北部與德國接壤，二戰爆發前法國十分擔心遭到納粹德國入侵，因而投入了過多的軍備資源來加強邊防建設，建成了造價昂貴的馬其諾防線。防線內部擁有許多精心建造的壕溝、電車軌道、守衛塔以及其他防禦工事，試圖以此抵禦強大的德國軍隊入侵。但德軍避開了馬其諾防線，從比利時西部侵入，而後從法國北部入境。

Germany solved this problem by simply invading Belgium to the west and then entering France from the north. With so many of their military resources devoted to a now worthless barrier, France fell in just a few weeks. Many remnants of the Maginot line still exist today. After all, none of them were ever damaged in battle!

由於大部分軍事力量都投入到了這個幾乎毫無價值的防禦壁壘上，法國在短短几周之內就淪陷了。馬其諾防線的殘軀一直留存至今，畢竟其並未經受戰火的洗禮呀！

in Wall

7.柏林牆

The Berlin Wall is perhaps the most famous installment on this list, mainly because it was a literal symbol of the Iron Curtain. Its purpose wasn't to keep its enemies out, but rather its own people in. Built initially in 1961 as a single makeshift wall, it eventually evolved into the behemoth that's most familiar to the public.

柏林牆或許是本榜單上最著名的建築，大半因其是“鐵幕”的代名詞。修建的目的不在於抵禦外敵，而在於阻止民衆外逃。柏林牆始建於1961年，最初僅是鐵蒺藜圍成的路障，後來才逐漸演變成人們所熟悉的龐然大物。

After World War II the allies divided Germany into four sections. As the capital and largest city, Berlin was also divided. West Berlin became a democratic enclave surrounded completely by communist East Germany. Between 1945 and 1961 there was no physical boundary between the two sections. West Berlin had been rebuilt into a thriving modern metropolis, while East Berlin was drab and still full of ruins from the war. Fed up with this existence and the restrictive nature of the communist government, many East Germans simply walked into West Berlin and established a new life there. East German officials realized that this would make their country unsustainable, so they hastily built the wall and posted guards with orders to shoot anyone attempting to cross. Since the structure was still fairly simple many attempted the crossing anyway. Most were successful, but some were killed in the process. With each escape upgrades were made until it became two walls separated by roughly 100 feet. Between the two walls was a zone ominously known as the death strip, a barren stretch of sand filled with landmines, vehicle traps and guard towers. Anyone caught there was shot on sight. The Berlin Wall went right through residential and commercial areas. It literally cut through buildings, down the middle of streets… even a church was left right in the middle of the death strip. Berliners were separated by less than half a football field but were a world apart. There were some escapes over the years. Most involved creative ways to get over or under the wall, or through the checkpoints — getting through the barricade itself was nearly impossible. In 1989, when East German officials announced that travel restrictions would be reduced, Berliners on both sides of the wall took that statement literally and started destroying it. Within just a few weeks the massive structure was completely gone. There are a few memorial remnants, but Berliners hated it so much they simply couldn't get rid of it quickly enough.

二戰以後德國被蘇美英法四國分爲四區佔領，柏林作爲德國的首都和第一大城市也被分割。西柏林完全被共產主義的東德所包圍，成爲了聯邦德國的飛地。在1945年到1961年間，東德和西德之間尚且沒有實質的界限。而正當西柏林被改造成一個繁榮的現代化大都市之時，東柏林卻是滿目瘡痍，一片廢墟。許多東德的民衆受夠了這樣的生活狀況，又十分反感所謂的共產主義政府強加的諸多限制，便移居到西柏林開始新生活。東德的領導者們意識到如果放任不管，大規模的人員流失將會影響政權的穩固。因而他們急速修建了柏林牆，並指令守衛部隊可以即刻擊斃任何試圖越牆的人。起初牆體的構造相當簡單，依舊有許多人試圖翻越圍牆並且取得了成功，但也還是有一些在半路被狙殺。伴隨着每一次的加固，柏林牆最終演變成兩堵相距約100英尺（約30米）的高牆。兩牆之間是令人聞風喪膽的“死亡地帶”，寬闊的無草皮空地地雷密佈，反車輛壕溝和瞭望塔隨處可見，越牆者一經發現當場擊斃。柏林牆貫穿住宅和商業區，它竟硬生生穿越建築物，橫亙在街道中央，甚至有一座教堂恰好被遺留在死亡地帶中間。東西柏林人相距不過半個足球場，但其生活確有着天壤之別，彷彿這一牆之隔便是另一個世界。多年來不斷有人逃脫，人們絞盡腦汁想盡各種辦法試圖成功翻越高牆，抑或是順利通過檢查站——因爲直接翻越柏林牆毫無成功可能。直到1989年，東德宣佈取消東西柏林之間的禁制通行的命令，開放柏林牆。牆內外的人們都歡呼雀躍，開始拆毀這座高牆。僅僅幾周之內，這座龐然大物便被“灰飛煙滅”。即使尚餘些許紀念物，柏林人也厭惡之至，避之不及。

ian's Wall

6.哈德良長城

By the early 2nd century the Roman Empire had expanded to include most of the island now known as Great Britain. In preparation for a visit from Emperor Hadrian, local officials and military leaders decided they weren't willing to risk an invasion from northern barbarians, so they constructed a wall approximately 80 miles long from the North Sea to the Irish Sea. Finding suitable materials in the barren landscape was no easy task, so it was primarily constructed from stone and earthen mounds. There were garrisons and outposts strategically placed along the route. It was arguably the most successful barrier on this list, as there were no breaches. However, most historians agree that there was never really a serious threat either. Today it's Northern England's most visited tourist destination.

公元2世紀初，羅馬帝國的疆域已擴張到了我們現在知道的大不列顛。在準備迎接哈德良皇帝到大不列顛視察的工作時，當地官員和軍事領導人因不願意冒險抵抗北方野蠻人的入侵，所以他們決定建一堵跨越北海和愛爾蘭海，長約80 英里（約129千米）的城牆。在貧瘠的土地裏找到合適的建築材料不是一件容易的事，所以這座城牆主要由石頭和泥土堆成，並戰略性地安排了駐軍和哨兵駐紮在城牆沿線。在這十大隔離牆中，它可以說是保存得最好的城牆，幾乎沒有遭到破壞的痕跡。不過，大多數歷史學家認爲，這大概也是從來沒有遇到真正嚴重威脅的緣故。現在它可是英格蘭北部客流量最大的旅遊勝地喔！

翻譯:梅子九 來源:前十網