深度解讀：如何有效學習？如何成爲專家？
Being an expert at something really pays off. Just how good are top performers compared to everybody else? Research shows in high complexity jobs like professional and sales roles, the top 10 percent produce 80 percent more than average and 700 percent more than the bottom 10 percent. But as I'm sure you're aware, becoming the best ain't easy. As Bobby Knight once said, "Everybody has the will to win; few people have the will to prepare to win."
想要成爲某方面的專家，那確實需要花費一番功夫。要比別人好多少才能稱的上專家？一組數據來告訴你，在調查了不同行業的專家到銷售人員，位於該行業頂尖的10%貢獻了80%的行業成果，是該行業底層10%貢獻的7倍還多。但你們也一定清楚，想要做到最好並不容易，就像Bobby Knight （著名籃球教練）所說：“每個都渴望成功，但只有少數人會爲此做出準備。”
And one of the reasons why it's hard to become great is because a lot of what you've been told about how to learn, study, or train is wrong, wrong, and dead wrong. So it's time to learn how to get better at gettin' better. Whether you want to be a great public speaker, study for exams, or improve your free throws, we're going to learn what methods research and experts recommend for becoming an expert at anything.
阻礙你成功的不利因素很多，其中就有看似引導你成功的學習訓練方法，實則帶你誤入歧途。該是學習正確方法的時候啦，不論你是想提升演講水平，或是應試能力，亦或是更加準確的投球率，以下方法均可適用。
The #1 Predictor of expertise
專業度預測
I'm going to ask you one question. And this question will probably predict just how good you'll end up being at whatever it is you're passionate about. Ready?" How long are you going to be doing this?" Yeah, doing something for a long time probably correlates with being decent at it but that's not the point. Committing in advance to being in it for the long haul made all the difference. Even when practicing the same amount, those who made a long-term commitment did 400 percent better than the short-termers.
問你個問題，來判斷你感興趣事情將會取得專業程度。“爲了達到專業你能堅持多久？”能夠長時間堅持做一件事，說明你非常適合做這件事，但這並不是重點。如果你以一個長期目標爲導向，則會讓你更上一層樓。
From The Talent Code：With the same amount of practice, the long-term-commitment group outperformed the short-term-commitment group by 400 percent. The long-term-commitment group, with a mere twenty minutes of weekly practice, progressed faster than the short-termers who practiced for an hour and a half. When long-term commitment combined with high levels of practice, skills skyrocketed.
節選《一萬個小時》：訓練同樣的時間，長期目標小組的成績4倍於短期小組。不僅如此，每週訓練20分鐘的長期目標小組比每週訓練90分鐘的短期目標小組的進步還要大。當長期目標小組配合高強度的訓練，其成效如同坐上火箭，銳不可當。
The #2 Find a mentor
找一個導師
Luke had Yoda. The Karate Kid had Mr. Miyagi. I'm sure Kung Fu Panda had somebody but I never saw that movie. You get the picture. When I spoke to Anders Ericsson, the professor who did the research behind the "10,000 hour rule" he said mentors were vital. But you knew that already. So what does the research show about mentors that most people get wrong? Merely finding someone to help you that is already an expert doesn't cut it.
就像星際大戰中的盧克有絕地大師，龍威小子有宮城先生，功夫熊貓也有個師傅，雖然我沒有看過電影。但是我想你明白了有個導師重要性。曾爲“一萬個小時理論”作調研的Aders Ericsson, 說有個導師對於成功是非常重要的。你們很多人都知道，也有導師,爲什麼最後的結果還是不理想，因爲很多人都沒有選對人。
When I spoke to Shane Snow, author of Smartcuts, he said your mentor needs to care about you. Here's Shane: In great mentorship relationships the mentor doesn't just care about the thing that you're learning, they care about how your life goes. They are with you for the long haul. They are willing to say, "No," and to tell you what you're doing is wrong. Those kinds of relationships yield outsized results in terms of future salaries and happiness.
我曾和《Smartcuts》的作者肖恩斯諾談及此事，他的觀點是導師不僅是在專業領域能幫助你的人，同時對你的生活也要有所關心。你們是長期的指導關係，在你做的不當的時候會適時阻止並且指點你。他會使你在將來的潛在收入和幸福感方面都獲益。
The #3 Start with what's important
先學關鍵的內容
David Epstein put it simply: "The hallmark of expertise is figuring out what information is important." There are many components to any skill but practicing them all doesn't produce the same results. When I spoke to Tim Ferriss, bestselling author of The 4-Hour Workweek he said: Do an 80-20 analysis and ask yourself, "Which 20 percent of these things I need to learn will get me 80 percent of the results that I want?"
評判一個專家的標準就是對於重要信息判斷的準確性。技能的訓練有不同的方法，但達到的效果未必相同。暢銷書《The 4-Hour Workweek》的作者Tim認爲：二八原則可以幫助你分析，要學習哪20% 來達到80%的效果？
When Tim was learning chess from champion Josh Waitzkin (whose life was the basis for the film Searching for Bobby Fischer) they did things the opposite from how most chess instruction works. They didn't start with the beginning of a chess game. They jumped straight to key moves that are applicable to the majority of interactions on the board. This allowed Tim to hang with top players after only a few days of practice.
他師從Josh Waitzkin（基本是電影“王者之旅”的現實版）學習國際象棋，不同於先打基本功，而是在棋譜上學習足以招架大部分進攻的招式。短短几天Tim 就可以和高手對弈了。
The #4 "Train like you fight"
把每一次訓練都當成實戰
When I spoke to Special Forces Lieutenant Colonel Mike Kenny he told me, "Train like you fight." You want your practice to be as similar to the real thing as possible. And research backs Mike up. Not only will you be better prepared, but you learn much better when the context you practice in matches the context you will eventually perform in. How strong is this effect? Insanely strong.
當我和特種部隊上尉Mike Kenny 取經時，他說祕訣是“把每一次訓練都當成實戰”。研究結果支持他的說法，你需要的不僅僅是充分的準備，只有自己帶入真實的情境來訓練才能最終取得成績。那要多真實？越真實越好。
The #5 Use "desirable difficulty"
運用“適當增加難度”來複習
Reviewing material is one of the most popular forms of learning. Guess what? It's also one of the least effective. Researchers call this "the fluency illusion." Just because it's easy to remember right now doesn't mean it will stay that way. "Desirable difficulty" means that the harder you work trying to retrieve something from memory, the better you learn. Don't merely reread stuff. Practice like a medical student and quiz yourself with flashcards. You're not going to learn much passively. Research show re-reading material four times was not nearly as effective as reading it once and writing a summary.
複習是學習的重要一環，那我要說是最沒有效率的一環呢？研究學家稱它爲“熟練的假象”你記得某個知識並不代表着在任何情況下你都能熟練運用。“適當增加難度”的意義在於，你越難回憶起某個知識，你就會記得越牢。不要就簡單的復讀，可以學習醫學院的學生利用閃卡來測試自己。不要被動的學習，研究表明，一本書你讀四遍的效果不如你讀一遍然後寫一篇讀書小結來的好。
You need to struggle. Whether it's memorizing information or practicing a sport or skill, you want your practice to be challenging. When I spoke to Dan Coyle, bestselling author of The Talent Code, he said: We learn when we're in our discomfort zone. When you're struggling, that's when you're getting smarter. The more time you spend there, the faster you learn. It's better to spend a very, very high quality ten minutes, or even 10 seconds, than it is to spend a mediocre hour.
你得受點挫折，不管是在記憶方面或是鍛鍊某項運動或其他技能。要儘量做些有挑戰性的任務。就像《一萬個小時天才》的作者Dan Colye所說，在我們舒適區以外，我們最能學到東西。就是俗話說的“吃一塹，長一智”，花越多的時間鑽研，你就會學習得越快。聚精會神的十分鐘，哪怕是10秒鐘，比一個小時的磨洋工要有效率的多。
#6 The Get fast, negative feedback
快速從失敗中吸取經驗
One of the three key components to "10,000 hours of deliberate practice" is feedback. Without it you don't know if you're improving or what you need to work on next. And don't just listen to me because I read the nerdy research. The most un-nerdy people in the world are on the same page. When I spoke to Navy SEAL platoon commander James Waters, he said feedback is critical.
關於“一萬小時刻意訓練”三個要素的其中之一就是反饋。如果沒有反饋那麼你就不知道自己哪裏需要提高，下一步的訓練計劃要怎麼制定。也不必只聽我的一家之言，事實上，那些取得成績的人都知道反饋的重要性。比如海軍海豹突擊隊指揮官James Water 就認同反饋的重要性。
After every mission, SEALs do a review of what happened to get feedback. Do they all just congratulate each other? No, they spend 90 percent of their time on the negative: what they can do better next time. And there's another vital source of feedback: yourself. Always take some time to reflect on how you're doing.
每次任務結束之後，隊員們就會對發生的事情進行意見收集反饋。難道他們僅僅是爲了慶祝任務完成，當然不是，他們90%的時間都花在對於問題研究，下一次怎樣才能做的更好。還有一項重要的反饋就是自我評價，每次對於自己的表現進行評價。
The #7 Study less. Test more.
少學多練
Get your nose out of that book. Avoid the classroom. Whatever it is you want to be the best at, be doing it. Here's Dan Coyle:Our brains evolved to learn by doing things, not by hearing about them. This is one of the reasons that, for a lot of skills, it's much better to spend about two thirds of your time testing yourself on it rather than absorbing it. There's a rule of two thirds. If you want to, say, memorize a passage, it's better to spend 30 percent of your time reading it, and the other 70 percent of your time testing yourself on that knowledge.
不要死盯着書本，也不要去教室。做你任何想做且能做好的事情。Dan Colye (《一萬個小時天才理論》作者) 認爲，我們大腦通過練習來學習，而不僅僅是靠聽，大部分技能，要花三分之二的時間來練習，不僅僅是單純的學習。這就是三分之二規律。比如說，你要記憶一片文章，花30%的時間來讀，70%的時間來測試你是否記得裏面的內容。
The #8 Naps are steroids for your brain
小睡更有助於大腦活躍
If you're not getting enough sleep, you're not learning as well as you could be. In fact, research shows there is a correlation between student grades and average amount of sleep.
如果你睡不夠，你也會學不好。事實上有研究表面，學生的學習成績與平均睡眠時間長短正相關。
Via NurtureShock: Teens who received As averaged about 15 more minutes sleep than the B students, who in turn averaged 15 more minutes than the C's, and so on. Wahlstrom's data was an almost perfect replication of results from an earlier study of over 3,000 Rhode Island high schoolers by Brown's Carskadon. Certainly, these are averages, but the consistency of the two studies stands out. Every 15 minutes busy to get eight hours? I hear you. Naps to the rescue!
NurtureShock 如是說：青少年學習成績平均得A的學生比平均成績得B的學生多睡15分鐘，平均成績B的比平均成績得C的平均多睡15分鐘，以此類推。Wahlstrom所的出的數據結論與之前由Brown 選取羅得島高中3000人所得出的結論如出一轍。15分鐘所體現的價值（劃分的層次）。睡不滿8個小時，懂你。那就讓小睡來拯救你。
Sum up
總結
Here's how to be an expert at anything:
8大條助力你的專家之路
1. Be in it for the long haul.
制定長期目標，讓你事半功倍。
2. Find a mentor.
找一個靠譜的師傅。持之以恆。
3. Start with what's important.
學習關鍵步驟
4. "Train like you fight."
把每一次訓練都當成實戰
5. Use "desirable difficulty."
適當增加記憶難度，更好鍛鍊大腦。
6. Get fast, negative feedback.
快速從失敗中吸取經驗
7. Study less. Test more.
少學多練
8. Naps are steroids for your brain.
小睡更有助於保持大腦活躍
So you do all eight things and practice your tush off and now you're The Master. Know what else you are?
學到了上面的技巧勤加練習，你也會成爲大師。除此以外，你還會怎樣？
Happier.
變得更加快樂
When you're good at something and you do it often, the result isn't just promotions or more wins on the tennis court, you also smile more often. People who deliberately exercise their "signature strengths" — talents that set them apart from others — on a daily basis became significantly happier for months. It's not lonely at the top. It's happy.
如果你變得擅長某項技能，而且又經常做的話，那結果不僅僅是升職，或是摘得更多的網球比賽桂冠，你會變得更加快樂。天才和普通人的區別，覺得自己的影響力變大了，日積月累，成就感加倍。高處不會不勝寒，能做到最好是讓人歡欣鼓舞的一件事。
