託福閱讀的常見文章結構
瞭解託福閱讀的常見文章結構對我們做題是非常有幫助的，爲了方便大家備考，下面小編給大家帶來託福閱讀的常見文章結構，來看看吧!
託福閱讀的常見文章結構
托福考試作爲一門專業衡量語言能力的測試，無論是閱讀還是聽力，所涉及的篇章都是屬於學術性的，尤其是閱讀這一部分，根據ETS在《新托福考試官方指南》中所說，閱讀文章均摘錄於大學教科書，一般是對某一學科或主題的介紹性內容，主要目的是評估考生對"學術性文章"的理解程度。而從ETS十大題型的設置來看，閱讀考試考察的是由最基本的詞彙到句子，再到文章邏輯關係以及段落理解，最後還通過小結題和圖表題考察對全文的掌握。對於很多考生來說，最後一大題也就是文章小結和表格題最爲頭疼，因爲所要看的內容實在太多，在有限的時間限制之下實在是毫無頭緒，只能亂選一氣。但其實只要我們搞清楚託福閱讀文章常見的結構，完全可以在很短時間內抓住文章脈絡拿下最後一道大題。
所有的閱讀文章，無論文章背景是什麼，結構無非會分爲以下幾種，《新托福考試官方指南》上把託福文章結構類型大致分爲四類：classification(分類)，comparison/contrast(比較)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(問題與解決方法)。
Classification指的是文章對某一個大的話題進行分類討論，這類文章結構非常清晰，能夠讓我們一目瞭然。以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》爲例，文章討論的大的話題是symbiotic relationship(共生關係)，然後再第一段就直接寫明有3種symbiotic relationships，然後接下來分段論述3種共生關係分別有什麼樣的特點：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最後再用很簡短的一句話稍作總結。這樣的結構對於我們做小結題非常有利，因爲summary通常就是把所分的幾個小類分別用一個選項概括出來，比如這篇文章的最後一題3個正確選項：Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host對應文章第二段講述parasitism部分的內容;Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it benefits both partners involved in the relationship對應文章第五段講述mutualism部分內容;The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other對應文章第4段講述commensalism部分內容。把握住了文章的3種共生關係的主要特點，最後一題也就手到擒來了。 同樣屬於分類結構的文章還有TPO13的《Types of Social Groups》、TPO16的《Planets of Our Solar Systems》、TPO20的《Fossil Preservation》等等，讀文章時注意在筆記上幾下各個類型的主要特點，在面對最後一題時即便時間有限也可以從容不迫。
Comparison/contrast指的是文章中含有兩種相關事物，將這兩種事物在各個方面進行了一系列的比較，其實整體結構類似於上面所說的分類。比較典型的文章例如TPO12的《Water in the desert》，文中主要介紹了沙漠中的水，將其中的河流分爲兩大類：Endogenous Rivers(內流河)和Exogenous Rivers(外流河)，然後分別論述這兩大類的主要特徵—內流河起源於沙漠內部，往往來源於地下水，容易乾涸;外流河只是途經沙漠，往往是一些比較大的河流等等。在碰到這種類型的文章時，往往最後會出到表格題，需要總結兩個比較對象的特徵。表格題區別於小結題的一大特點是，選項中包含的細節比較多，不同於小結題的選項高度概括，表格題本質上其實是基於全文的細節題，需要看的內容比較多，所以在前面看文章時需要記好筆記，將文章主要行文結構弄清楚，這兩類事物本質區別是什麼?分別是在哪些段落講述了各自的特徵?確定好大的框架，最後做題時進行定位不至於慌亂。類似的文章還有官方指南的《Applied Arts and Fine Arts》，《Artisan and Industrialization》，《Nineteenth-Century Politics In the United States》 ，《Early Cinema》以及TPO7的《Ancient Rome and Greece》，TPO30的《The Pace of Evolutionary Change》等等。
Cause/effect又稱現象解釋型文章，所指的是一篇文章討論的話題是一個現象，就這個現象的形成原因或是產生的結果花了大量篇幅進行介紹。最爲典型的一篇文章就是官方指南《Desert Formation》，文章主要就是在介紹沙漠化形成的各種原因：植被減少，氣候乾燥，人類活動等等，最後文章小結也就是將這些原因當中比較重要的幾點總結出來，所以概括時主要關注每個段落的topic sentence即可。 官方指南《Green Icebergs》，《The Expression of Emotions》以及TPO16的《Trade and Ancient Middle East》等都屬於此類文章。
Problem/solution解決方法類文章指的是文章一開頭就拋出一個問題，而主題內容是在就這個問題進行探討給出答案。此類文章最明顯的特徵就是在開頭段背景引入部分會引入問題，然後下面給出幾種可能的解釋。例如TPO17《Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia》這篇文章，開頭段講東西方人都想要彼此進行貿易，但是苦於陸上交通被阻隔掉了，因此需要海上貿易，可是又存在一系列的問題。接着文章就具體描述存在的問題以及是如何克服掉這些阻礙的：航船的改變，導航儀的改進，海上行爲規則的制定等等。主要問題介紹完了整篇文章也就差不多了，而最後的小結題總結出來的三個選項也是跟這些主要問題相關。與此類似的，TPO1的《The Origins of Theater》研究的問題是究竟戲院的起源是什麼以及爲什麼它會發展起來，TPO6的《Infantile Amnesia》討論的問題是嬰兒爲什麼記不得自己三歲之前的事情，TPO18《The Mystery of Yawning》探究的是人爲什麼會打哈欠。類似的文章還是比較多的，做小結題時需要概括的就是給出的幾種主要答案。
在平時做題過程中，考生需要學會對所做的每一篇文章進行總結，快速識別對應的文章類型，可以幫助我們在最短的時間內抓住文章的主要內容，從而提高最後一題的正確率。
託福閱讀的十大出題原則是什麼
一、列舉和並列句
列舉指的是： FirstFirst,……Second,……Third,……等逐條列出。;等逐條列出。並列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐項列出。它們共同的特徵是列出二點或三點以上的條目。該類型語言點常考的題型是“細節性問題”，主要有兩種：
1. Which 題型
該題型只要求從並列的三頂中選一項作爲答案，其它條目與題目無關。這種情況下，往往題目的答案出自最後一個選項 。
2 . Except 題型
該題型俗稱“三缺一”題型，即題目 4 個選項中有三個符合文章內容，剩下一個不符合，題目便是要求選出這個不符合文章內容的選項。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ???
這種題型只適合於考並列、列舉句，這是因爲它要求其三個選項一定是文章中出現的，也就是並列或列舉之處。利用這一特點.我們在讀文章的時候就可多留意，如看到並列、列舉句，可預想其有可能被考到;如發現題目中有“三缺一”題型，則應到並列、列舉處找答案。
二、否定及轉折句
否定句是指帶有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定詞的句子，而轉折句則指帶有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等關聯詞引導的句子，它們可以用下面的句型說明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。對於以上的句型常出“推斷性問題”。
三、舉例句
句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引導的短語或句子爲舉例句，常考“推斷性問題”和“細節性問題”。上面句型中的 as C 爲插入的舉例句。
四、數字與年代
文中的數字、年代、日期等常常是出題者注意的考題點，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 題。
五、最高級及絕對性詞彙
文章中若出現 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等絕對性詞彙或 first ， most beautiful 等最高級詞彙，往往是考題要點，一般出“細節性題目”。這是因爲它們都有一個共同的特點，那就是 概念絕對 ， 答案唯一 ，無論是出題還是做題，不會產出歧義和疑問，因此很容易出題，答案絕對正確。相反地，如果文章中出現相對性的詞彙、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 爲相對性詞彙，如果我們出這樣一道題： What color hats did some people choose? 那麼就沒有唯一正確的答案，因爲有可能爲 red,green 或 blue ，給評卷帶來困難。
六、比較級及比喻
如果文中含有 more than 或 as ??? as ， like ( a fly )等句型，則爲比較級或比喻句結構，往往也是考題點，一般出“推斷性題目”。
七、同位語及插入語
文章中帶有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等詞彙引導的名詞詞組，放在一個名詞後面，爲同位語;插入語是指副詞、不定式、分詞、從句等結構故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修飾整個句子、表達作者感情的語法結構。 這些用逗號隔開的持殊結構往往也是考查的重點，一般會出“細節性題目”。
八、因果句
句中若有如下結構或詞彙的稱爲因果句：
(1) 因果連詞： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等
(2) 表示因果的動詞： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;
(3) 表示因果的名詞： base, basis, result,consequence 等，這些因果句都是指明某兩個事件之間因果關係的，尤爲出題者所青陳.因爲通過出題可以考查文中兩個事件內在的因果關係。此種句型一般出“推斷性問題”。
九、段落句
文章各段第一句 ( 段首句 ) 和末段員後一句 ( 文尾句 ) 都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表達中思想，進行總結綜述的地方，因此常出： (1) 主題性問題 (2) 細節性問題 (3) 結構性問題。
十、特殊標點
有一些特殊標點的含義也屬於考查範圍，它們是：
(1) 破折號，表示解釋.考細節性問題;
(2) 括號，表示解釋.考細節性問題;
(3) 冒號，一股同上，有時冒號也表示列舉，則考“ EXCEPT ”題目;
(4) 引號，表示引用，考細節性問題：
(5) 驚歎號，表示作者感情，考態度性問題。
綜上所述，我們可以利用上面所介紹的考題點，作爲“路標”，迅速地指引我們找到正確答案;同時作爲出題規律，檢驗自己所選答案的正確性。
託福閱讀真題1
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality — and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
2. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
3. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) constructing
(B) altering
(C) selecting
(D) demonstrating
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
5. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules and methods (line 18)?
(A) to enable them to produce high quality products
(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) to impress their customers
(D) to keep expenses low
6. The phrase resort to in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
(C) manufacturing
(D) using
7. The word few' in lines 23 refers to
(A) woodworkers
(B) finished pieces
(C) customers
(D) chests
8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that
were
(A) simple
(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting
PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCA
託福閱讀真題2
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird's annual life cycle. Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird's feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting. The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen: incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful. This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
1. The passage mainly discusses how
(A) birds prepare for breeding
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
2. The word Notwithstanding in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
3. The word intricate in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
4. The word random in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
5. The word optimal in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers are still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
7. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
8. The word Others in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
9. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
10. It can be inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers
takes
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
PASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD
