託福閱讀分數換算表及閱讀常考題型總結

託福小白可能對於托福考試的評分有很多疑問，比如閱讀的題量和分數是如何換算的?閱讀每篇14道題，一共考3篇，如果遇到加試，可能會考4-5篇閱讀，加試題目不計入總分。跟小編一起來看看託福閱讀分數換算表和託福閱讀常考的題型

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託福閱讀分數換算表及閱讀常考題型總結

一.託福閱讀分數換算表

除重要觀點題和歸類題以外，每道題的分值都是1分，重要觀點題的分值可能是2分，歸類題爲3或4分，考試所得分數範圍：0-30分。

大家在算出原始分數以後，將被轉化爲0-30分的最終分數。以下是託福閱讀評分標準中原始分數與最終分數的對照表：

二.託福閱讀常考題型

託福閱讀題型共分爲10種：

1. Factual Information questions(事實信息題)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事實信息題)

3. Inference questions(推論題)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辭目的題)

5. Vocabulary questions(詞彙題)

6. Reference questions(指代題)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子簡化題)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入題)

9. Prose Summary(文章總結題)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填寫題)

託福閱讀TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people toldtime by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved whenthe temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as theresult of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunnyclimates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at atime, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The CatholicChurch had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring analarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns,squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organizecollective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All thiswas compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritativetimekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals,discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependableinstrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to haveappeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solardials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper oflast resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone tobreakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Churchauthority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeepingthroughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same numberof parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But themechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. TheCatholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as theirstandard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squaresbecame the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wantedone; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists cameto see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacredrelics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, likethe rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improvetechnique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy andprecision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors oferror, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanicalengineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches ofengineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Itspublic display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy:people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. Theclock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enablingindividuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhanceproductivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of theclock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never thesame. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant(working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-fillingbusyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effortto maximize product per unit of time.

託福閱讀TPO30試題第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe thesun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary notonly seasonally but from day to night"?

emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun andwater clocks to tell time.

illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantageover sun clocks.

counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all overEurope.

rding to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of theimportance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with eachother.

setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

setting of specific time for the start and finish of the workingday.

regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

rding to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarmarrangement?

alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

church was responsible for regulating working hours and markethours.

alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaningto

al.

rtant.

cial.

ctive.

author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to referto

r clocks.

sun.

anical clocks.

church.

word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaningto

.

l.

actical.

c.

rding to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to theintroduction of mechanical clocks?

used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, likeequinoxes.

tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was differentfrom mechanical-clock time.

used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaningto

ired.

cted by the majority of people.

dardized.

in place.

can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanicalclocks.

sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

times made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that werenot true.

ly shared their expertise with other engineers.

graph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanicalclocks.

did early mechanical clocks work?

did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering ingeneral?

were mechanical clocks made?

influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to

ers.

nents.

oyers.

dians.

rding to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

enabled workers to be more task oriented.

pushed workers to work more hours every day.

led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentencecan be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division oftime no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church ough church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout thecenturies of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time wasnature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, sothat except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then ofcourse the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanicalclock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The CatholicChurch resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】Fromthe start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, andthe public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the verysymbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerorsseized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hearthese machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passageis provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to thesociety of medieval Europe.

increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medievalEurope led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun andwater clocks provided.

use they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and waterclocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanicalclock.

re the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number oftimekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization ofcollective activities.

after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocksbecame obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

ators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of adominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excludingothers.

removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in whichthey are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

託福閱讀TPO30答案第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.從第一段的第二句開始，原文列舉了這兩種device各種的缺點，最後一句前半句說它們work，後面but錶轉折，證明要說有些情況它們不能用。所以選擇B。A說人們在各種情況下都在使用這兩種方法，與原文表達的意思相反，C將兩種方法比較，原文沒有這層意思。D整個和劃線部分相反，原文說在northernEurope不能用。

2.雖然原文提到說城與城之間要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。而collective activity對應了選項B，C對應set time to go to sleep,也就是結束工作的時間。D對應開頭catholicchurch的prayers活動。

3.對應原文的第二句話，可根據alarm arrangement定位，前文說one of which was at night，後面說to wakenmonk before dawn，這兩個都可以算是原因，選項中符合的只有D。

oritative是權威的，A是真實的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正確的。文章中也說only one怎樣的timekeeper，所以應該是官方準確時間。

5.前文說需要它去check 這個machines，which前面說的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

mentary是基礎的。A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切實際的，D是基本的。所以根據詞義D正確。這裏我們可以看並列的詞都是負面的，這裏的rudimentary也是在強調未發展，有落後的意味。如果按照負面詞來判斷，C可能成爲迷惑選項，但其詞義不符。

7.可定位至相關段落，關鍵詞爲resisted，not comingover，所以證明church在拒絕新的計時方法，也就是在試着保護自己的方法。

alled被安裝的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人們希望的，C是標準化的，D是放置於。D最符合，並且原文中原詞的後面也跟了地點，所以用D最合適。

9.根據clockmaker定位至倒數第二句，說製表人是正確和精密的領路人然後就對他們各種讚揚。B，C，D選項都是在貶低製表人，所以很容易排除。B，D選項又和最後一句話明顯衝突。A符合原文。

10.第五段主要說clockmaker引領了準確，精準工程的發展，他們是master，teacher等等，然後說他們是先鋒，但這些都是因爲他們是製表人。所以這道題選B。ACD原文都沒提到。

eer是先驅，A是領導者，B是對手，C是僱主，D是監護人。原文單詞所在句後半句也說道他們作teacher，所以很容易理解他們是領導者。

12.定位到原文最後一句，說使人們從task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式變爲maximize productper unit of time，從而提高了productivity，所以選擇D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是轉化前的狀態，C沒提到。

13.原句中no longer反應宗教儀式了，那麼此句前後應該有對現在的計時制度的描寫，另外句末提到了religiousritual，所以附近也應該有對宗教組織的態度描寫，滿足這兩個條件的位置是C。

14.A對應第二段倒數第一句和倒數第二句後半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of timesignals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a moredependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanicalclock."正確。B與原文第一段矛盾。不選。C原文並沒有提到說有大量的timekeepers，而第三段還說只能有一個權威的timekeeper不選。D對應原文第三段，說應用mechanicalclock之後water clock很快被棄用了，但sun clock依然留下用來對照mechanical clock的準確性，錯，不選。