中英雙語話歷史 第23期:東周(周朝的文化思想與哲學)
The Zhou culture is apparently a mixture of different cultures of peoples that lived in the Wei River valley.
周文化融合了居住在渭水流域的各個民族的文化。
After leaving the Wei River plain to expand their realm, the Zhou people adopted keenly the culture of the subdued Shang people. Oracle bone divination, bronze casting for sacrificial purposes and burying rites were almost the same as that of the Shang Dynasty.
在向外拓展領土的同時,周人還接受了臣服的商文化，用龜骨占卜，鑄造祭祀用的銅器等活 動都與商時相同。
On absorbing and assimilating others, they also created the culture of their own, and the long history of the Western Zhou, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period witnessed the splendid cultural development in ancient Chinese history. The primary cultural achievements include the following three parts.
在吸收借鑑他人的同時，周人也創造了自己的輝煌文化。西周、春秋、戰國是我國古代文化大發展時期，主要文化成就有如下3個方面。
Five Classics：Book of Odes , Book of Documents , Book of Rites , Book of Changes and Annals of Spring and Autumn are the most important texts to the Zhou tradition, which became also the core texts of the later Confucian 44 Book of Odes n or ( Shijing ) is the earliest collection of hymns, critics and popular songs from the early Western Zhou and the mid-Spring and Autumn periods. Now there are 305 pieces left.
1.五經：“五經”是《詩》、《書》、《易》、《禮》、《春秋》，是記錄周文化傳統的重要古典文獻，也是儒家的經《詩》也叫做《詩經》，是我國最早的一部詩集，現存305篇。最早的約創作於西周初年，最晚的約創作於春秋中期。
It * s the product over 500 to 600 years of accumulation, modification and embellishment.
全書經過500 ~600年時間的積累，並經過蒐集者的加工和潤色而成。
The u Book of Documents ( Shujing Of Shangshu , literally Texts of the Old ) is the collection of corpus, accounting the important events like major wars, class relationship, political system and policies from the Shang Dynasties to the Zhou period. They are valuable historical documents.
《書》也叫做《書經》或《尚書》，是我國最早的一部文集。主要記述商、周兩代的一些重大政治事件，如重要戰爭、階級關係、政治制度和政策等，有很高的史料價值。
The third great text is the u Book of Changes11 ( Yijing or Zhouyi ), a manual for milfoil divination.
《易》也叫做《易經》或《周易》，是我國最早的占卜用書。
Its ideas on natural and social changes are simply dialectic.
其對自然或社會變化的論述，富有樸素的辯證法觀點。
It is said to have been compiled by the Duke of Zhou.
相傳該書爲周公所編。
The Book of Ritesy, is the compilation of partial rites system over the period of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States, totally 17 pieces.
《禮》是春秋、戰國時期的部分禮儀制度的彙編，共有17篇。
It is traditionally believed to have been compiled by the Duke of Zhou and revised by Confucius.
舊說周公製作後經孔子修訂。
The Spring and Autumn Annals is the earliest annalistic work, which is mainly about the history of the state of Lu.
《春秋》也叫做《春秋經》，是我國最早的一部編年體歷史著作，以魯國的歷史爲主。
Confucius is the supposed writer.
相傳經孔子整理成書。
The Hundred Schools of Thought：The Spring and Autumn and The Warring States period is the transitional time from feudal fief lords to feudal landlords, when contentions between the new class and the old became complicated and intense.
2.諸子百家:春秋、戰國時期是由封建領主制向封建地主制過渡的時期，新舊階級之間鬥爭複雜而又激烈。
Scholars or thinkers on behalf of different classes and political powers attempted to explain the universe and society or make proposals according to the interests and demands of their own class or group. Consequently, the contention of hundred schools of thought in the ideological field came into being.
代表各階級、各派政治力童的學者或思想家，都企圖按照本階級(層）或本集團的利益和要求，對宇宙對社會做出解釋，或提出主張，於是出現了一個思想領域裏的“百家爭鳴”的局面。
Among them are Confucianism ,Daoism, Mohist and Legist who have the great influence in the ideological field.
其中的儒、道、墨、法四家在思想領域影響最大。
Confucius, whose personal name was Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was born in 551 B. C. and died in 479 B. C. , a native of the state Lu in the late Spring and Autumn period.
孔子，名丘,字仲尼（公元前551 ~公元前479年），春秋後期魯國人。
During his youth, Confucius was for a time a low-ranking and then middle official； then he set up a school and lived on teaching.
曾在魯國任下級和中級官吏。後自辦學校，以教書爲業。
He traveled to the states of Wei, Song, Chen, Cai, Chu to spread his political opinions, which had never been adopted.
爲宣傳他的政治主張，先後遊訪了衛、宋、陳、蔡、楚等國，但均不被採用。
Confucius is a great thinker as well as an educator.
孔子是一位偉大的思想家和教育家。
In politics，he advocated the sage rulers of Yao，Shun and Yu, praising the system of the Western Zhou， supposing it the ideal society.
政治上尊崇堯、舜、文、武、周公,讚揚西周的制度，奉之爲人類的理想社會。
Benevolence was the core of his political and world views.
“仁”是孔子的政治觀和社會觀的核心。
The system and rules instituted to realize it is called Li.
爲實現“仁”而制定的制度和行爲準則爲“禮”。
Confucius proposed the performance of a benevolent policy.
孔子主張行“仁政”。
The theory of Confucius not only pushed forward the ancient politics and ethic to a new stage, but also it was the essence of politics and social doctrine of Chinese feudal society. The collection of Confucius ’ sayings is called the Analects or Lunyu .
孔子有關“仁”和 “禮”的學說把我國古代的政治和社會倫理思想推進到一個新的階段，此學說是我國封建時代政治和社會理論的精華，其重要言論收在《論語》中。
As the pioneer of private schooling, Confucius was said to have 3000 students.
孔子是我國古代私人辦學的先驅。相傳他有弟子3000。
Mencius and Xunzi are the followers of the Confucianism.
儒家的代表人物還有孟子和荀子。
Mencuis inherited and developed the theory of Confucius with benevolence and righteousness as the pith of his theory.
孟子繼承孔子的學說而有所發展，其學說的核心是“仁、義”。
He assumed that man was good by nature, advocating the benevolent administration and the protection of people and objecting to the dogfight launched by various vassals and cruel exploitation and suppression. All his ideas could be found in his book Mencius.
他提出“人之出，性本善”，行“仁政”、“保民”，反對諸侯混戰，反對殘酷的剝削和壓迫，對當時各國的政治和戰爭多所抨擊,其主要學說多收在所著《孟子》一書中。
Xunzi, also known as Xun Kuang or Xun Qing, was a native of Zhao.
荀子名況，時人尊稱他爲荀卿，趙國人。
Though a Confucian, he had the idea of Legist, contrary to Mencius, assuming that mankind was naturally evil and therefore had to be guided by ritual and rules. The book Xunzi contains most of his important ideas.
雖爲儒家，但有較濃厚的法家思想。與孟子不同，他認爲人之初性本惡，其主要學說多收在所著《荀子》一書中。
The second great philosophical school of China, after Confucianism, is Dao-ism.
道家是繼儒家後的第二大學說。
Lao Zi is the founder of it, whose surname was Li and personal name Er, also known as Lao Dan, a native of Chu and a contemporary of Confucius.
老子是道家的創始人，姓李名耳字聃，楚國人。約與孔子同時。
Daodejing of Laozi was completed in the period the Warring States.
老子的《道德經》一書約成於戰國時期。
It was in favor of letting nature take its own course and of non-interference in people’s life.
主張“順其自然，無爲而治”。
An ideal society was one small in population and territory.
認爲理想的社會形態是小國寡民。
Zhuangzi was the representative of Daoism in the Warring State Period.
道家在戰國時期的代表人物是莊子。
Zhuangzi’ s personal name was Zhou, a native of Zhao. He wrote the book Zhuangzi.
莊子名周，宋人，著有《莊子》一書。
Mozi was the founder of Mohists. His personal name was Di, a native of Lu.
墨子(約公元前468 ~公元前376年）名翟，魯國人。
The book Mozi contains most of his thoughts.
墨家的創始人。
His greatest merits were the proposals of a universal love and non-violence.
《墨子》 一書基本上保存了他的思想，最有代表性的主張是“兼愛”和“非攻”。
He objected to wars, the decayed lifestyle of the ruling class and extravagant funerals.
他反對戰爭，反對統治階級的腐朽生活，反對厚葬。
The thought of Legists reflected the interests of the emerging landlord class.
法家是反映新興地主階級利益的思想流派。
In the early period its leaders were Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and finally Fei.
前期法家的代表人物有李悝、商鞅和申不害,後期法家的代表人物是韓非。
Han Fei was born in a noble family in Han； he and Li Si were the students of Xunzi.
韓非（約公元前280 ~公元前232年）出身於韓國貴族，和李斯同是荀子的學生。
He wrote the book oiHan Feizi , illustrating his thought and proposals.
著有《韓非子》一書，闡明他的思想和主張。
He advocated laws and objected to the doctrine of Confucianism as well as errantry.
他崇尚法治，反對儒家說教，也反對民間的遊俠橫行。
He maintained that a sage ruler should neither long for the past nor copy obsolete rules. Instead, they should look at social conditions and adopt appropriate measures.
他主張：“明主之國，無書簡之文，以法爲教;無先王之語，以吏爲師。”
The king of Qin paid attention to his thought.
韓非的主張很爲秦王政所重視。
Then Han Fei came to Qin from Han，but he was murdered by Li Si，who was jealous of his talents.
後韓非自韓至秦，李斯嫉妒他的才能，把他謀害致死。
Literature ： From the Western Zhou to the Warring States Period, the masterpieces in literature were the Book of Odes and Elegies of Chu , while Qu Yuan' s works were the best example of the latter.
3.文學:西周至戰國時期，文學的代表作，前期有《詩經》，後期有《楚辭》。屈原的著作又是《楚辭》的代表。
Qu Yuan, whose personal name was Ping, a noble of Chu, was born in 340 B. C. and died in 278 B. C.
屈原（約公元前340年~約公元前278年）名平，楚國貴族。
He was worried about the fate of Chu, hoping to improve its political situation and ally with the state of Qi against Qin.
他對楚國的命運很關心，想改善政治狀況並聯合齊國以抵抗強秦。
However, the fatuous kings of Chu didn’t follow his advices, and even exiled him twice.
可是楚王昏庸，不聽他的主張， 還先後兩次將他流放。
Qu Yuan ’ s works were a collection of poetic verses and songs written in the local dialect and tone of Chu, possessing strong regional characteristics and a u-nique style. It vividly portrayed the authorJ s love to his motherland and the indignation to the corrupt and reactive aristocracy.
屈原的作品採用楚國民間詩歌的形式、用楚國的方言而寫成，有鮮明的地域特徵和色彩。
生動而形象地表達了他對祖國的熱愛和對腐朽反動的貴族統治的憤怒。
Qu Yuan' s works exerted tremendous influence on the development of Chinese literature.
屈原的作品對中國文學的發展起到了重大作用。
