中英雙語話歷史 第14期:西周(政治)

Enfeoffment： After the eastern expedition, King Wu carried out the enfeoffment policy in order to strengthen control over the country and protect the interests of the royal family.

周初的“裂國分邦”：東征結束後，周武王爲了加強對全國廣大地區的統治，便實行大分封,以保障王室的利益。

It is said that the Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed 71 small feudal states in the early years, among them 53 states'family names were Ji.

據說，周初分封了七十一國,姬姓之國共有53個。

These fiefs were big or small, some in Jinei—the central region, others distrbuted throughout the whole country,mingled with the established states, as consolidated the royal power directly.

這些封國大小不等，有的是畿內的采邑。它們廣泛地分佈在中原地區內，與衆多的舊國錯雜在一起，這就直接加強了周王室的統治力量。

The System of Hereditary Kingship ：The Western Zhou practiced the system of hereditary kingship combined with a patriarchal clan system, which is a power division system with the essential feature of having the wife's eldest son a heir.

王位世襲制:西周實行王位世襲制，此制度是與宗法制度結合在一起的。宗法制度是以嫡長子繼承製爲基本特點的權力分配制度。

Within the clan there was a distinction between major and minor lineages. The king made the eldest son born of his wife heir to the throne, who was called crown prince. The other sons born of his wife and of his concubines became the heads of minor lineages as Qing and Dafu in the central government.

周王爲天下的大宗，其嫡長子爲宗子,是王位繼承者，稱世子;庶子爲小宗，留在中央爲卿、大夫。

The vassal lords with the royal surname belonged to minor lineages in relation to the king, but in their own states they established the same kind of lineage system.

諸侯對天子而言是小宗，但在其封國內卻是大宗。

A dafu (great officer) belonged to a minor lineage in relation to the vassal lord, but within his own fief he also maintained the same system Dazong/King.

卿大夫對諸侯而言是小宗，但在其采邑內卻是大宗。

Thus by combining blood relationship with an enfeoffment policy, the nobles bearing the same surname were united.

血親與分封制度相結合,將同姓貴族緊緊聯繫在一起。

At the same time, the royal house intermarried with the ruling families of the fiefdoms and became related to those with different surnames.

同時皇室與大家族通婚，又將各種異姓勢力聯繫在一起。

Such a clan relationship coupled with intermarriages strengthened the ties between the royal house and the vassal lords.

這種宗族關係加上通婚加強了皇室與諸侯的聯繫。

The king of the Zhou was regarded as a descendant of God coming to the earthly world with the bestowed power by Heaven or God and controled the earthly world.

周王被視爲天之子，受天之命以君臨人間。

The official system：The official system of Zhou was more complicated.

六官制:西周的中央官制更爲複雜。

According to the Book of Rites , there were six ministers in the period of Zhou. The prime minister headed various officials, assisting the Zhou king. There were a minister of civil administration and land affairs (Si Tu), a minister of royal house affairs (Zong Bo), a minister of military affairs (Si Ma), a minister of construction (Si Kong), a minister of justice (Si Kou), and officials in charge of agriculture.

據《周禮》記載，周有六官，亦稱六卿:宰相 統率百官，輔佐天子，司徒管土地和人民，宗伯管王族事務，司馬管軍事，司寇管刑法，司空管公共工程，還有負責農業生產的官員。

All of them were called Qing Da Fu or Shi. Most of the official posts were held by nobles, so when the father died, the son could inherit the position.

這些官員統稱爲卿大夫或士，都由大小貴族充當，父死子繼。

The salary of officials came from fiefs, which were inside the capital, and the fiefs were also hereditary. The political organization in each fiefdom was similar to that at the royal court.

官員都以采邑爲俸祿，采邑在王畿內亦世襲。封地內的官制與朝廷大體相當。