中英雙語話歷史 第10期:商朝(政治)
State System ： The Shang Dynasty practiced hereditary system, in which the throne was transmitted from elder brother to younger one or from father to son. At the late stage of the Shang Dynasty, that the title was passed down to son via primogeniture was finally established, and the first born of the queen was usually the heir. It laid an important foundation for the feudal-patriarchal system in the Zhou Dynasty.
國家制度:商朝基本上是王位世襲制，從兄終弟及、父死子繼到商後期確立了嫡長子繼承製,這也是後來周朝宗法制的重要基礎。
Meanwhile, the Shang Dynasty was also famous for its divination. The existent inscriptions on the oracle bones are the records of it.
同時，商的占卜也很出名，現存的甲骨文便是占卜的記錄。
The rule of king was confined to the narrow central land, the around areas and peripheries were manors of royal members and clans. The centralized-power had not come into being.
商王的統治僅僅限於狹小的中央地帶，四周及邊緣地區是王室諸子及各族的領地，中央集權還沒有形成。
State Organs：The state organization was more perfect, mainly embodied in the official system, army and penal code.
國家機構:商的國家機構比夏代更加完善，主要表現在官制、軍隊和刑罰三個方面。
The king of the Shang Dynasty was the imperator, arrogating all powers to himself； under him was the minister, the head of all officials, assisting the king to rule the country. Other officials under the prime minister took charge of agriculture,handicraft industry and military affairs, etc.
商王是最高統治者，獨攬大權;王之下設相，是百官之長，輔佐商王以統治全國;相之下有官員，管理農業、手工業生產和軍事。
Others with religious functions were the shamans, the recorders and the diviners.
還有卜、史、巫、尹等,爲卜筮、記事之官。
The dynasty had a large army with certain division.
商朝的軍隊龐大，有一定的編制。
Oracle-bone inscriptions stated that the king had set up three army units—the right, the center and the left. Solders were mainly commoners, sometimes including slaves.
據甲骨文記載商王編軍隊爲左、中、右 三師，士兵主要由平民組成，有時也有奴隸。
It was also recorded that the king dispatched an army of three thousand or five thousand, sometimes even thirteen thousand to go to war.
有史料經載，商王曾派3 000 ~5 000人出兵打仗，更有參戰士兵多達13000人的時候。
Shang had many prisons as well as statute laws, including cruel punishments, which reflected the development of slavery.
商朝的監獄很多，刑罰很殘酷，這是奴隸制度發展的反映。
Penal Code of Tang in the Shang Dynasty is the written law with cruel penalty.
商有《湯刑》，爲成 文法，刑罰很殘酷。
Slave owners and nobles wielded such a colossal state apparatus to exploit and oppress the majority of slaves and common-ers.
商朝奴隸主貴族依靠這樣龐大的國家機器對廣大奴隸和平民 進行殘酷的經濟剝削和政治壓迫。
