中英雙語話歷史 第16期:西周(重大事件)
King Wu ： When Chang, the son of Ji Li, was in the reign, the state had been powerful and prosperous, for he was benevolent and courteous, and many scholars went to Zhou.
武王伐封:季歷的兒子昌在位時，國富民強。昌，仁慈愛民，禮賢下士，天下士人都來投奔。
Fearing for the prosperity of the Zhou, King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty imprisoned Chang in Youli for seven years.
周的發展，使商紂感到威脅，於是將西伯昌囚禁於羑里7年。
The Zhou people ransomed him with jewels and beauties. Hereafter, under the assistance of Lu Shang, Chang pretended to be obedient and make merry every day, but actually accumulated virtue ,pleasing common people, developing production, having more vassals submit to him and subduing hostile ones. Eventually, Chang controlled much of the world, and in the name of the Mandate of Heaven he proclaimed himself king, namely King Wen of Zhou. King Wen moved the capital to Fengyi (now on the west bank of Fengshui of Southwest of Chang^n county in Shaanxi).
周人以珍寶和美女將西伯贖出，此後，在呂尚的輔佐下，昌表面上耽於遊樂，對殷紂十分馴服，實際上卻更爲積善修德，和悅百姓,大力發展生產，使更多的諸侯前來歸附，進而征討不馴服的諸侯和商的盟國，自稱王，即周文王，並將都城遷到豐邑（今陝西長安西南灃水西岸）。
Nine years later, King Wen died, and his son came to the throne, Known as King Wu.
9年後，周文王逝世，其子發繼位，稱武王。
With Lu Shang as teacher, Duke Dan of Zhou, Zhao and Bi as assistants, King Wu continued his fathers unfinished cause.
他繼續以呂尚爲師，周公旦爲輔，召公、畢公等人爲主要助手，繼續文王未盡的事業。
In 1048 BC, King Wu called in eight hundred vassals to have a meeting, making a pledge to conquer the Shang Dynasty at Mengjin.
將都城擴至灃水以東的鎬京（今陝西長安縣境），積極作滅商的準備。公元前1048年，武王在孟津召集八百諸侯會師盟誓伐紂。
Two years later, he led army to depart from Tongguan, allying various vassal states, and marching eastward. In the next February, King Wu defeated the Shang forces at the battle of Muye； then established the Zhou Dynasty.
兩年後，文王兵出潼關,聯合各方諸侯，揮師東向，於次年2月在牧野打敗商朝的軍隊，建立了周朝。
King Cheng (1042 ~ 1006): King Cheng was succeeded to King Wu.
周公輔成王:武王死後,其子成王繼位。
However, King Cheng was young, and the Zhou Dynasty had just brought order to the empire. Duke Dan of Zhou was afraid that the patrician lords would rebel against Zhou, so he assumed the powers of a regent to administer the state.
成王年少，天下初定，周公旦恐怕諸侯不服，以王叔攝政。
Guan Shu and Cai Shu, dissatisfied, together with, under the standard of Wu-geng, the son of the last Shang king Zhou, rose up in rebellion against the Zhou Dynasty.
管叔、蔡叔不服，與殷紂之子武庚，發動叛亂。
Duke Dan of Zhou resolutely commanded the troops to launch on eastern expedition, which led to the deaths of Wu-geng and Guan Shu, and to the banishment of Cai Shu. Subsequently, he pacified the orient states.
周公毅然率兵東征，平定了叛亂，誅殺了武庚和管叔，放逐了蔡叔，再相繼平定了東方諸國。
The unification was finally completed through the war.
經過這次戰爭，周的統一事業才告完成。
In order or to enhance the control over the east, Duke Dan of Zhou acted under the order of King Cheng, taking charge of the task of building Luoyi.
爲了加強對東方的統治，周公奉成王之命負責營建洛邑的工作。
After the completion of the city, Duke Dan of Zhou installed Wei-zi Kai, a prince of Yin, as the clan leader of the Yin lineage and gave him a patrimonial estate in Song, the former capital of the Shang Dynasty. Then he rounded up many of the remnant people of Yin and presented them to his youngest brother Feng，who became the ruler of the land of Wei under the title Kang Shu.
洛邑建成後，周公封降周的商貴族微子凱於商朝故都宋地;封武王少弟康叔於紂都，成立衛國，賜以殷國，賜以殷民六族。
Thus, the remnants of the Yin had been split, who came to submit to the Zhou Dynasty gradually.
這樣，殷商餘民已被分割，逐漸服從於周朝的統治。
Duke Dan of Zhou occupied the office of regent for seven years. When King Cheng came to age, Duke Dan of Zhou returned to him the reigns of government and faced north at court in the position of a minister.
周公執政7年，成王成年後他就把政權交給成王管理，自己則面北稱臣。
Duke Dan of Zhou established the Rites of Zhou and created the Classic of Music, setting up various institutions and systems, which led to the establishment of the patriarch system.
周公還制禮作樂,建立了周朝的各項典章制度，確立了以宗法制度爲中心的政治體制。
King Cheng had headed the troops to launch a punitive expedition on Dongyi tribes and ensured the stability of the eastern regions.
成王曾親自討伐東夷，使東部得以安定。
After the death of King Cheng, his son King Kang succeeded him to the throne. He carried on the cause of his farther, being diligent in the governmental affairs, amiable to the people. The penal punishment had never been used over the period of several decades, and the society was more stable.
成王死後，繼位的康王繼承先王的事業，勤於政事，平易近民，刑罰幾十年不用，社會更加安定。
Guoren^ Uprising and the Period of Gonghe ： In the later period of the Western Zhou, the social economy got a rapid development with mountains, forests, land and swamps exploited in certain degree.
國人暴動與共和行政:西周後期，社會經濟發展較快，山林川澤有所開發。
When King Li was on the throne，he took over all of these natural resources in the vicinity of the capital and had them under the control of royal house. Therefore, the nobles of lower ranks were excluded from using them, and the common people were not allowed to enter these areas to cut wood, pick, go hunting and fishing.
至厲王時，他把王畿以內的山林川澤收歸王室控制，不許中小貴族利用，亦不準勞動 人民進人樵採捕撈。
The measure led to a wide discon-tentment In response, King Li employed a shaman to watch over the public, and anyone who spoke against him was executed, which intensified the contradiction.
厲王的這一措施引起人們的不滿。他就派巫師監視，殺掉議論的人，使矛盾更爲尖銳。
In 841 BC, Guoren (also interpreted as freeman referring the common people living in the capital cities with a relatively high social status) could no longer tolerate his tyranny, and rose in armed revolt.
至公元前841年，國人(居住在國都內的人的統稱，多是平民，身份較高）發動暴動，反對周厲王。
They attacked the royal palace and forced the king to flee.
他們進攻王宮，厲王出逃。
Then they surrounded the residence of Duke Zhao, where they got the news that Prince Jing, heir to the throne, was hidden. They compelled the Duke to hand over the prince.
這時，有人聽說太子靜躲在大臣召公家裏，他們又立即包圍了召公的府邸，逼召公交出太子。
At this critical moment, the Duke made his own son take the place of the prince, thus saving the heir who later became King Xuan.
情急之下,召公只得將自己的兒子頂替太子交了出去，這才保住了太子的性命。太子靜就是後來的宣王。
Since King Li had run away, there was no monarch in the imperial court.
厲王逃走後，朝廷裏沒有國王。
After the discussion of ministers, a decision was made that the Duke of Zhao and the Duke of the Zhou took charge of the government temporarily. This period was called the gonghe，known as"Gong-He".
經大臣們商議，由召公和周公暫時代替厲王執掌朝政，史上稱之爲“共和執政”。
The first year of the gonghe was 841 B.C. From that year on, we have accurate dates of recorded Chinese History.
從共和元年,也就是公元前841年，中國歷史上纔有了確切的紀年。
The uprising of guoren shook the foundation of the Zhou Dynasty. The contradiction between the royal the common began to surface, and the prestige of the dynasty declined gradually.
“國人暴動”大大動搖了周王朝的統治基礎，貴族與平民的矛盾浮出水面，周朝日趨沒落。
Teasing the Dukes with Beacon： The period of Gong-He lasted for 14 years when the despot King Li died in Zhi，where he lived after the flight.
烽火戲諸侯:“共和執政”維持了 14年之久，暴虐的周厲王終於在逃亡地彘死去。
The Dukes of Zhou and Zhao enthroned Prince Jing as King Xuan.
周公和召公立太子靜爲王，即周宣王。
In the first years of his rule， severe droughts occurred，but didn’t develop into a serious situation.
周宣王統治前期曾發生嚴重的旱災，所幸並未釀成大禍。
Later King Xuan carried out wars against some neighboring tribes and states and won some battles, but was defeated eventually.
宣王統治後期不斷對周邊國家和部落用兵。雖然打了幾場勝仗，但還是已失敗而告終。
For a time during the reign of King Xuan, there were signs of revival for a time.
宣王統治時期，周朝曾一度有所復興。
But the conflicts between the Zhou State and the neighboring people, the social contradiction in the Zhou-controlled areas were not resolved.
但是周與周邊國家的矛盾以及國家的內部矛盾並沒有得到解決。
Moreover, continuous wars consumed much of the dynasty^ manpower and material resources.
此外，長期的戰爭更是消耗掉了國家大量的人力和物力。
King You, who succeeded King Xuan, was a stupid, self-indulgent and cruel ruler.
繼宣王之後的幽王是個愚蠢、任性妄爲的暴君。
The existing contradictions grew worse.
這時，王朝的危機更爲嚴重。
The struggle between big and small slave owners became re natural disasters like earthquake, landslide and drying up of rivers occurred one after another in Guanzhong, which compelled people to leave their homes and wander about.
關中地區發生地震、山崩和河水枯竭等嚴重自然災害，人民流離失所。
Without comforting and compensating the bereaved people, King You became more extravagant, corruptive and insatiably avaricious.
周幽王不僅不撫卹災民，反而更加奢侈腐化，貪得無厭。
In order to gain a smile of his favorite concubine Bao Si, he even had the signal fire lighted, deceiving vassals into rescuing the king.
爲了博得寵妃褒姒一笑，幽王舉 烽火欺騙諸侯前來勤王。
The most serious issue was that he dismissed Queen Shen and the crown prince Yi Jiu； and made Bao Si queen and her son to the throne.
最嚴重的問題是，幽王廢了王后申氏和太子宜臼，另立褒姒爲王后，立褒姒的兒子爲太子。
Marquise Shen,' father of Queen Shen, attacked the king in collaboration with the Quanrong tribe and other states.
申後的父親申侯於是聯合西方部族犬戎以及其它國家，舉兵攻打周幽王。
As the vassals refused to send him reinforcements, King You was killed at the foot of Mount Li.
由於各路諸侯不去救援，幽王被殺死在彌山腳下。
Under the threat of Quanrong and their allies, the Zhou ruler had lost control over the old capital by 771 B.C.
在犬戎和聯軍的威脅之 下,公元前771年，周王已無法控制舊都。
In the following year, King You’s successor, King Ping, moved the capital to Luoyi with the support of some of the nobles and vassal.
次年,在一些貴族和諸侯的支持下，平王遷都洛邑。
From this year, the dynasty is known as the Eastern Zhou.
從這一年起，東周開始。
The dynasty’power and prestige had declined sharply, and the history entered a new stage.
東周的實力和影響力急劇下降,歷史又步入了一個嶄新的階段。
