介詞的用法講解
以下是小編爲大家整理的介詞的用法總結講解，希望能幫助大家更好地認識介詞的用法，提高英語水平。
1.介詞的分類
(1)簡單介詞如：at,by,for,from,in,of,on…
(2)複合介詞如：into,onto,within,out of…
(3)雙重介詞 如：from under,since before,until after…
(4)短語介詞如：in front of,because of,ahead of,according to…
另外，有的介詞可以兼作副詞(如:around,over等)，有的介詞可以兼作連接詞(如：after,before等)。
2.介詞短語在句中的作用
(1)作定語
例如：The man in black is Mr Zhang.穿黑衣服的人是張先生。
He is a man of wealth.他是個有錢人。
China is a country with a long history.中國是歷史悠久的國家。
(2)作表語
例如：He was already in his forties.他已經四十多歲了。
You must remain in bed.你必須得臥牀休息。
He was against slavery.他反對奴隸制。
(3)作狀語
例如：At seventeen,he began to learn acting.
十七歲時，他開始學習表演。(時間狀語)
We put the play on in a theatre.
我們在劇院上演這齣戲。(地點狀語)
We jumped with joy.
我們高興得跳了起來。(原因狀語)
He returned home for his dictionary.
他回家去取字典。(目的狀語)
We went there by bike.
我們騎自行車去那兒的。(方式狀語)
In spite of the heavy rain,they arrived.
儘管雨下得大，他們還是到了。(讓步狀語)、
(4)作補足語
例如：I found everthing in good condition.我發現一切狀況良好。
Eevn his way of walking down the street and turning a corner could be recognaized as his own.
甚至他在街上走路時和在拐角處轉彎時的那種姿態，都可以認爲是他獨有的動作。
The heavy rain kept us inside the house.(大雨使得我們待在了家裏。)
3.關於介詞值得注意的幾個問題
(1)同一個介詞的不同用法和意義，用at爲例。
(A)表示地點，在……They are waiting for me at the gate.
(B)表示時間，在……時(刻) We usually get up at half past five every morning.
(C)表示狀態，(正)在……中The Browns are at table.
(D)表示速度、價格，按……The truck ran at 40 miles an hour.
(E)表示動作對象、目標、向……Bob threw a stone at a dog.
(F)表示原因，由於…… He was surprised at his friend’s rudeness.
(G)表示能力，擅長於…… My sister is good at painting.
(2)同一介詞跟不同動詞構成不同意義的短語動詞，以on爲例。
(A)I hope to call on you in your office this afternoon.(拜訪)
(B)We live on our salary.(依靠……生活)
(C)The price depends on quality.(依賴)
(D)He insisted on her staying in London.(堅持要)
(E)The doctor operated on her chest yesterday.(給……動手術)
(F)Put on your coat before you go out.(穿上)
(G)The village has taken on a new look.(呈現)
(3)同一動詞跟不同介詞構成不同意義的短語動詞，以look爲例。
(A)He looked about him but saw no one.(環顧)
(B)The boy is old enough to look after himself.(照料)
(C)Look at the photo,please.(看)
(D)What are you looking for?(尋找)
(E)I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible.(調查)
(F)I looked through today’s newspaper but I found nothing important in it.(瀏覽)
(G)You should learn how to look up word in a dictionary.(查閱)
(4)正確區分介詞to和動詞不定式符號to。
The murderer was sentenced to death.(介詞)
The coffee in the cup is too hot to drink.(動詞不定式符號)
(5)幾種特殊的介詞賓語。
(A)不定式作賓語：I desire nothing but to have a quiet room to study in.
(B)形容詞作賓語：Although Spring has come,it is still quite cold instead of warm.
(C)副詞作賓語：His father is fresh from abroad.
(D)介詞短語作賓語：He has lived in Beijing since before liberation.
(E)由what,when,where,how等引導的從句作賓語(that從句例外)：
(6)不要遺漏介詞：
(A)不定式作定語修飾名詞時，若該名詞在邏輯上與其有動賓關係，不及物動詞要有相應的介詞。
Give me a piece of paper to write on.
(B)不定式在enough…to…句型中作結果狀語時，若句子的主語在邏輯上與其有動賓關係，不及物動詞要有相應的介詞。
No bed is big enough for him to sleep on.
(C)在定語從句中，若關係代詞是從句謂語動詞的賓語，而這個動詞又是不及物的，或者介詞與關係代詞一起表示時間、地點、工具時，都要有相應的介詞。
I shall never forget the day on which I saw Premier Zhou for the first time.
I don’t know the person my father nodded to just now.
(D)在短語動詞中，介詞是固定的，不能隨意變換，也不能省略。
4.容易混淆的幾組介詞舉例
(A)after指以過去爲起點的過去一段時間，跟過去時態連用，in指以現在爲起點的將來一段時間，跟一般將來時連用。
He will come back in a week.一星期後他將回來。
He came back after three days.三天後他回來了。
(B)after指某個特定的未來時刻或日期之後，跟將來時連用。
I’ll be free after 5 o’clock.五點鐘以後我有空。
He will come here after May 6th.五月六日後他要來這裏。
(C)以將來(不是現在)某一時間爲起點的若干時間之後，也可用after。
I’ll call on him next Monday and I’ll call again after two weeks.
(2)for,since,by,during
for表示某一動作延續到講話時候爲止，可以和完成時態連用;since其後跟表示時間的詞語，多與完成時態連用，意思是從那個時候到講話的時候;by表示時間上的界限，常與完成時和將來時連用，作“到……爲止”解;during既可表示一段時間，又可表示這段時間內的某一點，意思是“在……期間”。
Where have you been since I last saw you?自從上次見面後，你去哪兒了?
They have stayed here for two months.他們在這兒待了兩個月。
By the end of last term,we had learned 500 English words.到上學期末，我們學了五百個英語單詞。
They swim every day during the holidays.假期他們每天游泳。
(3)by,with,in
by表示“以……方式、方法、手段”等，也可用來泛指某種交通工具;with表示“以……工具、手段”等，一般接具體的手段和工具;in表示“以……方式”或“用……語言(語調、筆墨、顏色)”等。
Did you come by train or by air?你是坐火車還是乘飛機來的。
I killed the spider with a newspaper.我用報紙打死了蜘蛛。
It’s written in ink.這是用墨水寫的。
(4)in,on,to
in表示B在A的範圍內;on表示B與A相毗鄰;to表示B在A的範圍之外。
China is in the east of Asia.中國在亞洲的東部。
I live in a town on the river.我住在臨河的一個小鎮上。
Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中國的東方。
(5)across,over,through
across表示從一邊到另一邊，“橫過”的意思;over表示跨過一段距離，“越過”的意思;through表示通過一個空間，“穿過”的意思。
The dog swam across the river. 狗遊過了河。
Light comes in through the window.光透過窗戶射進來。
There is a short cut over the field.有一條小路穿過這片原野。
(6)besides,except,except for
besides含有“加”的關係，表示“除……之外，還(包括)……”，屬於肯定性質;except含有“減”的關係，表示“所有都(如此)……除了……之外”，屬於否定性質;except for表示在說明基本情況後，而在細節上加以修正，其後面的賓語與句中所涉及的內容並非同類。
Fifteen students went there besides Tom.
除了湯姆之外，還有15個學生去了那兒。(湯姆也去了，共16個。)
Fifteen students went there except Tom.
除了湯姆之外，有15個學生去了那兒。(共15人，湯姆沒有去。)
Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
除了一些拼寫錯誤外，你的作文很好。
5.介詞使用特例
在下列情況下，表示時間的狀語作狀語時前無介詞：
(1)以next或last開頭的短語
例如：We are meeting next Tuesday.我們下週二見面。
He stayed with us last week.上週他和我們在一起。
(2)以this或that開頭的短語
例如：What are you doing this evening?你今天晚上要做什麼?
He was coming to give a talk that very evening.在那天晚上他要來做報告。
(3)以tomorrow或yesterday開頭的短語，包括the day after tomorrow和the day before yesterday
例如：I have to get up very early tomorrow morning.明天早上我得早起。
She had her operation the day before yesterday.她前天接受了手術。
(4)以one,any,each,every,some開頭的短語
例如：Then one year,the rains failed to come.然後有一年沒有下雨。
You can come any day you like.你願意哪天來就哪天來。
Every morning,the newspaper chief editor holds a meeting with the journalists.
每天上午，報社主編都召集記者們開會。
Some day,we will meet again.總有一天，我們會見面。
Plants grow well all the year round.植物一年到頭都長得很好。
(5)以most開頭的短語
例如：Most of the time,we eat fish.大部分時間，我們吃的是魚。
考題精講
1.上海 2003
The confernce has been held to discuss the effects of tourism_________the wildlife in the area.
解析：本題考查名詞與介詞的搭配使用問題，根據句中effects這個名詞，選擇on，表示“對……有影響”，故排除A、C、D項，選B項。
答案：B。
2.廣東 2004
I feel that one of my main duties_________a teacher is to help the students to become better learners.
解析：as此處理解成“作爲”。
答案：C。
foot of the hill there is a beautiful lake and_________the top of it there is a tower.
;in ;on ;at ;at
答案：B
解析：在山腳下要用介詞at，而在山頂既可用at，也可用on。
will spend his holidays_________ National Day.
r
答案：C。
解析：after與“在某一特定時間”的詞語連用時，句子謂語動詞既可用過去時，也可用將來時。此句可以把National Day當作一個特定的時間。意思是“他要在國慶節後度假。”
名題精練
1.—How long has this bookshop been in business?
—_________1982.
r e
offered him our congratulations_________ his passing the college entrance exams.
ican women usually identify their best friend as someone_________they can talk frequently.(2004·上海)
twhich h whom
yone enjoyed the party_________May Day,that is to say,_________this Saturday.
;on ;on
;in ;/
kind of animal can live both_________land and_________water?
;on ;on ;in ;in
coffee shop is_________she street.
ss
’s walk over_________ the sun on the other side of the street.
w r
this matter,I’m sorry that I have to sideyou.
nst
normally use the front entrance_________ the building but there is another entrance_________the back.
;to ;at
;at ;in
police have said that there is no connection_________the murders.
een
my horrow,I saw,_________my father’s shoulder,a gorilla.
e
first customer was a girl_________a red dress.
B. with
long have you been up?
five o’lock.
r
language did you talk with the foreigner_________ ?
A. / B. in C. with D. by
15. He will always be remembered_________ one of the greatest teachers of the Chinese people.
A. by B. as C. like D. for
16. —Where did you go_________ your holiday?
—I went to Hainan province.
A. to B. for C. in D. on
17. I stepped_________ the bus and_________ the snowstorm,but I was often_________ the highway.
A. from;into;on B. out of;into;off
C. out of;in;in D. off;through;from
18. He showed me a photo of the hotel he stayed_________ .
A. where B. there
C. in it D. in
19. The camel was blind_________the right eye and only ate the grass_________ the left side.
A. on;in B. in;on
C. in;at D. at;on
20. Ideas_________what are good manners are not always the same_________ different countries.
A. of;in B. about;from
C. by; among D. on;
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