分分鐘搞定託福閱讀之段落主要內容
託福閱讀只瞭解篇章結構是不能解決所有問題的，因爲很多問題是需要在每個段落的具體內容中找到，所以今天我們就來說說說文章段落的結構規律，話不多說，咱們直接進入主題。
分分鐘搞定託福閱讀之段落主要內容
段落結構的規律是“TS+D”
TS:即topic sentence 主旨句，表達段落的主旨。
D:即detail 細節，爲了說明段落主旨，所羅列的相關支持內容。
主旨句一般在段落的開頭或結尾句羣(也就是前1-2句或者是倒數1-2句);細節又可以由explanation/elaboration/example/evaluation等組成，當然每個段落不一定這四項都有，或許只有example，或許是explanation+example，也或許是elaboration+example等等。同時在讀每個段落的細節部分的時候，需要注意一些標誌詞，比如：first, second, third...，on the one the other hand...,rs...
接下來，我們一起在文章中看看這一規律的可靠性吧。
還是以TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy爲例，我們在上次篇章結構的基礎上，把段落主要內容補充完整。
TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, andearthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface regionof hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water isusually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water isbrought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
第一段：介紹地熱能，是並列的論證段落。
1.地熱能的來源及應用(注意第2句的also)
2.地熱能被利用的過程
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively lowtemperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in thistemperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, andindustrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm undergroundwater drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; naturalhot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surfacewater seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by therecent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs atThe Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity tomeet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then inits third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because ofover development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were inoperation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about amillion people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
第二、三段：地熱能的利用
第二段：地熱能用於取暖;
1.最豐富的地熱能形式介於80到180攝氏度(引出新的論述點)。
2.在此溫度範圍內的熱儲內循環的水可以用於取暖。
3.列舉如何利用地熱能(討論範圍的縮小-暗示舉例)
第三段：地熱能用於發電
1.溫度高於180攝氏度的地熱儲集層可用來發電(引出新的論述點)。
2.這類地熱儲集層所在的主要地區及三種主要形式。
3.就最後一種形式進行舉例並說明其問題(概念由抽象到具體-舉例)。
4.地熱能發電應用範圍依然很廣。
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks mustbe fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. Therocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under wayto develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmentalproblems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without beingreplaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returnedto the ground from which they were removed.
第四、五段：地熱能所產生的問題
第四段：地熱能的開發所面臨的問題
1.一個更大的難題：岩石需要裂縫才能讓水流通，且水必須是人工提供的(引出新的論點)。
2.解決難題的方法：通過泵入高壓水可以將岩石斷裂;此實驗正在進行之中。
第五段：地熱能的開發所產生的環境問題
1.地熱能具有一些環境問題(引出新的論點)。
2.如果抽取地下熱水而又不泵回，地表就會下沉。
3.地熱加熱的水含有從熱巖中溶出的鹽分和有毒物質，將會產生處理方面的問題。
(2.3都是對1的列舉論述)
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawnout of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)theresource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. Atpresent, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy canmake important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and theeconomics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermalenergy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until wellinto the twenty-first century, if ever.
第六段：地熱能開發利用的前景
1.地熱能對世界能源未來的貢獻是難以估量的。
2.地熱能在某種意義上講是不可再生的，並解釋爲何不可再生。
3.轉折說很多地區地熱能儲量很大。
4.再轉折：利用地熱能形式有限，所以地熱能只能做出局部貢獻。
5.做出預測：估計要到二十一世紀才能對世界的能源預算做出大的貢獻。
(2-5對1展開論述)
這樣的分析之後，你是否發現其實這篇文章是不是已經完全被你拿下了?在分析段落主要內容的過程中，哪怕有生詞難句，我們也都可以進行猜測，實現快速準確的閱讀。不僅如此，這樣的分析，還可以幫你訓練良好的寫作思路，你想想，在獨立寫作的主題論述段落，我們是不是完全可以模仿這樣的結構，使你的作文取得高分啊!試着去用一下吧!
新託福閱讀背景知識：達達派
達達派(Dada)
第一次世界大戰後, 達達派(Dada)由瑞士向歐洲蔓延了出來. 當時的環境是: 後期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了後期, 其他還有立體派, 表現派, 未來派等畫派在歐洲盤據地盤, 但每一個都逃不出達達派的批判. 因爲達達派如表現派般厭惡戰爭而厭惡過去, 但程度上比未來派還要激進. 他們大膽的摧毀一切舊有的傳統, 而採取無理性的表現方式. 達達派的表現方式着重在天然形成與自由塗寫. 他們喜歡用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成爲一個新的藝術. 例如, 把色紙剪成塊狀(有一點兒像野獸派大師馬蒂斯後期的表現方法)然後讓他們自由飄散在地上, 而取得靈感. 達達派的文學家把報紙的字母寫下, 然後抖動他們再依字母的自然排列成了一首新詩(這又有點像臺灣的乩童在上身後鬼畫符一番, 之後再由旁人解說). 所以達達派的創作是象徵的且無定形的呈現(因爲他們也不知道抖完後會成什麼樣子). 我想達達派最大的成就, 應該是讓當時的人有完全逆向思考的機會. 大戰結束後, 德國, 法國, 甚至隔海的美國都有不少人從事此風格的創作.
新託福閱讀背景知識：超現實主義
超現實主義(Surrealism)
第一次世界大戰完畢後的幾年, 人們開始懷疑理性主義, 雖理性主義然使歐洲的文化, 政治達到頂峯但還是發生了恐怖一次大戰. 雖然達達派(Dada)的藝術風靡了當時的歐洲畫壇. 但是把印了字的紙片灑在地上作詩, 似乎太過消極了. 超現實主義(Surrealism)這時開始萌芽了. 1924年, 超現實主義的創始人, 也是達達派的詩人與評論家-安德烈布爾頓發表了"超現實主義宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超現實主義是結合了意識的和無意識的精神領域在每天的現實生活中而完成世界的美夢與幻想. 簡單的說, 超現實主義不但重視人類意識的思考, 另外更重視下意識的範疇. 他們用科學的方法研?a href="">咳嗽諼摶庵謝齙耐薊? 信手寫出的字, 小孩或瘋子的圖畫, 結合心理學與精神病學的原理, 配合上人的夢境與幻想. 結論是: 美是在解放了的意識中那些不可思議的幻象與夢境. 所以超現實主義是一種超理性, 超意識的藝術. 超現實主義的畫家不受理性主義的限制而憑本能及想象, 表現超現實的題材. 他們自由自在的生活在一種時空交錯的空間, 不受空間與時間的束縛, 表現出比現實世界更真實更有意義. 超現實主義首先在法國展開, 立即受西班牙畫家的歡迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是單純的美術改革運動, 不久也影響到了文學, 雕刻, 戲劇, 戲劇舞臺, 電影, 建築等其它的應用藝術, 所以超現實主義可以說是影響全世界的新文藝運動. 但在第二次世界大戰時, 大量的藝術家遷往美國, 同時影響美國超現實主義的風行. 1945年後"新具象"在藝術之都巴黎興起, 超現實主義才漸漸沒落
新託福閱讀背景知識：polymer gels
polymer gels一種聚合凝膠
The following information was part of our display for the SET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.
A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.
The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.
This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.
In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.
Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.
The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.
