託福閱讀看文章速度太慢?這5個閱讀壞習慣趕緊改
託福閱讀考試時間很容易不夠用，而導致時間不夠用的原因中，比較常見的一點就是閱讀看文章速度偏慢。 許多同學閱讀慢不是因爲理解速度跟不上，而是之前養成的一些閱讀壞習慣拖了大家後腿。想要改正這些壞習慣當然要先了解它們，下面小編就來具體分析。
託福閱讀看文章速度太慢?這5個閱讀壞習慣趕緊改!
託福閱讀壞習慣表現：看文章時頭跟着動◤
這個習慣可能很多同學都意識不到，實際上看似微小的動作也會耗費大家的閱讀時間，對閱讀速度產生不利影響。
這種習慣的具體表現是考生會下意識地把頭或者說鼻子正中間對着自己看到的內容，因此每看完一行文字都會導致大家出現一個比較明顯的轉頭動作，也會花費一定時間。
其實比較正確的做法是頭不動視線移動，不僅換行速度會更快，考生也不容易跟丟閱讀內容。
雖然這種情況似乎不會消耗很多時間，但如今的託福閱讀文章篇幅很長，當中需要換行很多次，積累下來大家浪費掉的時間還是很可觀的，因此考生也需要主動意識到問題並進行改正。
託福閱讀壞習慣表現：指着文章閱讀◤
這種壞習慣一般是在看書面的密集文字時養成和比較常見的，比如閱讀文章過程中就很容易出現這類做法。
而到了托福考試中，雖然考試模式改爲了電腦機考，但有些同學卻還是沒能戒掉這種習慣，總是會不自覺地用筆指着文章來閱讀。
而這種做法的壞處在於不僅會減慢閱讀速度，還會干擾大家的注意力。因爲指讀會讓大家的注意力跟着手指移動，考生的大腦思考和反應速度就容易受到限制。
結果是雖然看完了文章從字面上似乎都看懂了，但大腦中卻因爲沒有足夠的思考而無法形成了連貫整體的印象，實際上真正思考和記住的東西並不多，閱讀理解的效率可以說是相當低下的。
託福閱讀壞習慣表現：心中默讀◤
做閱讀不能發聲，但有些同學雖然嘴上不出聲，實際上心裏面還是在說話，相當於自己心裏還是在默默發出聲音讀每一個單詞，這種習慣也是比較拖節奏浪費時間的。
爲了能夠在心裏讀清每個單詞，大家的閱讀速度和理解效率勢必會受到干擾，而因爲是心中默讀，想要糾正這種習慣也比較困難。
建議大家在閱讀時一方面加強限時練習，給自己主動增加時間壓力強迫自己快速思考;另外帶着問題去讀文章，在讀的過程中加大思維力度，把默讀的雜音都排除出腦海，堅持一段時間後默讀的壞習慣應該可以得到改正。
託福閱讀壞習慣表現：不出聲閱讀◤
這種壞習慣和上面的心中默讀類似，托福考試中閱讀部分是不能出聲的，所以會演變成沒有明顯聲音但考生的嘴脣喉嚨仍然在動的情況，大家自己觀察一下會發現身邊許多人在不能發聲讀文章的時候都會存在這種現象。
而這種閱讀壞習慣同樣會影響考生的閱讀和理解速度，說到底還是大家從獲取文字到理解文字的過程仍然必須依賴發聲環節所致，也就是閱讀習慣技巧不夠熟練所造成的。
考生需要培養看到文字內容直接思考的能力，才能比較有效地擺脫這種壞習慣。
託福閱讀壞習慣表現：回讀◤
缺乏閱讀自信或是理解反應速度比較慢的考生身上常會出現這類習慣。其具體表現是讀文章時經常會返回之前的地方再讀一遍，以確認自己讀得沒錯理解是正確的。
而一旦考生養成了對回讀的依賴性，其危害可以說是顯而易見的。好好的讀一遍文章變成了讀兩遍甚至更多遍，考試時間自然會受到很大的影響。
爲了避免這種情況考生需要學會逐步培養自己的閱讀自信，儘量挑選符合自己閱讀理解能力和水平的文章來逐步提升閱讀基本功。
六個方法解決託福閱讀中的生詞
1. 下定義法
這個方法在託福閱讀考試中的運用還是很普遍的，多用於描述一個新專業，新領域，新單詞。而且在文章首段出現的頻率最高，因爲文章首段通常都是爲本文話題或標題下定義。
例：Archaeologyis partly the discovery of the treasures of the past， partly the careful workof the scientific analyst， partly the exercise of the creative imagination.(“The Nature And Aims of Archaeology”) 從“is”這個詞不難發現後面的部分都是爲archaeology下定義：對過去財物的發掘，細緻的科學分析，創造力的想象------考古學(以-ology爲後綴都是表示某門學科)。
例：Theseasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is calledphotoperiodism. (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) “is called”的前半句也起了解釋說明的作用：日長的生理反應稱爲光周期的季節性影響。
2. 符號法
無論是考試中還是劍橋系列，我們常發現某個單詞或詞組，乃至句子的前後常會出現一些特殊符號，比如：破折號(—)，冒號(：)，小括號()，引號(“ ”)。這些符號都是幫助大家猜測生詞的clue， 它們的前後通常都是對託福閱讀詞彙的解釋和說明。
例：Generally，the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). ( “Micro-Enterprise Creditfor Street Youth”) 括號裏的部分是對其前面的modest做說明，即比銀行的利息低一些。
例：Inall cases， someone has to act as a source of language data--- rmant指的是充當語言資料來源的人。需要提示的是，經常會在小括號裏出現i.e， 意思是thatis to say.
3. 舉例子
託福閱讀試題經常會在某個潛在生詞的後面，舉出一系列的例子，此時，大家可以根據例子，總結它們的共性。舉例子的一些標誌詞：forexample， for instance， such as， just like， e.g.
例：Themarket for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries allacross… such as mountains， Arctic lands， deserts， small islands andwetlands (“The Impact of Wilderness Tourism”) 第一句的remote可以通過後面的例子，高山，北極地區，荒漠，小島，溼地，得出指的是偏遠地區。
4. 句子之間的關聯詞
句子之間的關聯詞主要分爲轉折和並列，透露了兩句之間表達意思的方向性是否一致。我們完全可以通過已知的半句所表述的涵義，藉助關聯詞，來推測另外半句的意思。
並列關係：and， similarly，equally， also， both … and…
轉折關係：but， however，yet， instead， nevertheless， by contrast， on the other hand
例：Internationalcommerce was therefore dominated by raw materials， such as wheat， wood and ironore， or processed commodities， such as meat and steel. (“Delivering The Goods”)“or”表示或者，雖然是並列關係，但在意思上是相反的。Processedcommodities不難理解是加工過的產品，那“or”前面的句子指的就該是沒有加工過的產品，即raw materials， 原材料。
例：Forexample， desert annual germinate， flower， and seed whenever suitable rainfalloccurs… (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) 從“and”可以判斷其前後三個詞的詞性相同，意思上也應該是同一個方向。flower表示開花，seed是結種，那germinate自然也是動詞，是在開花之前的階段，可粗略理解爲生長或發芽。
5. 常識和上下文
常識和上下文也是作爲揣測詞義的一個有效途徑，而這裏所言的常識是涉及各領域，學科，平時累積而成，衆所周知的知識，常理。
例：Theearliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants wouldinsert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between theirpalms. (“How Fire Leapt to Life”) 最早的取火方式是鑽木取火，其原理是摩擦生熱。通過下文的例子也可看出這一點。歐洲的農民會把一個木製的鑽頭插入一個圓形的洞，然後在手掌間迅速的旋轉它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。
6. 同位語
同位語是指一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，並常常緊挨在一起，常出現在句子中間或者後面的位置。
例：Oneof the most important new methodologies is biomechanics， the study of the body in motion. (“How much higher?How much faster?”) 有時候同位語的解釋更讓人容易理解和接受，biomechanics專業說法是生物力學，而同位語的表達更平易近人：對身體運動的研究。
託福閱讀真題詳解1
Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea (Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what is now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.
Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated and tangled masses. The creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloth's, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose) — including mastodons and Columbian mammoths — have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.
The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.
As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn. Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering them dark brown and shiny.
1. What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The amount of asphalt that was mined there
(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals
(C) The fossil remains that have been found there
(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits
2. In using the phrase the heart of Los Angeles in line 2, the author is talking about the city's
(A) beautiful design
(B) central area
(C) basic needs
(D) supplies of natural asphalt
3. The word noticed in line 5 closest in meaning to
(A) predicted
(B) announced
(C) corrected
(D) observed
4. The word tangled in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried beneath
(B) twisted together
(C) quickly formed
(D) easily dated
5. The word them in line 13 refers to
(A) insects
(B) birds
(C) cloths
(D) proboscideans
6. How many proboscideans have been found at the La Brea tar pits?
(A) 9
(B) 17
(C) 1.5 million
(D) 2.5 million
7. The word concealed in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) highlighted
(B) covered
(C) transformed
(D) contaminated
8. Why does the author mention animals such as coyotes and wolves in paragraph 4?
(A) To give examples of animals that are classified as carnivores
(B) To specify the animals found least commonly at La Brea
(C) To argue that these animals were especially likely to avoid extinction.
(D) To define the term scavengers
託福閱讀真題詳解2
One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates — including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.
One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food — meat and marrow — from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.
1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?
(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices
(B) The creation of stone hunting tools
(C) Social interactions at home bases
(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses
2. According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is
(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates
(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat
(C) an indication of social unity
(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits
3. The word consumed in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) prepared
(B) stored
(C) distributed
(D) eaten
4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to
(A) protect the old tools from being worn out
(B) display examples of the old tools in museums
(C) test theories about how old tools were used
(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools
5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early
stone tools were used EXCEPT to
(A) build home bases
(B) obtain food
(C) make weapons
(D) shape wood
6. The word innovative in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) good
(B) new
(C) simple
(D) costly
7. The word them in line 15 refers to
(A) issues
(B) researchers
(C) tools
(D) specimens
8. The author mentions characteristic chippage patterns in line 16 as an example of
(A) decorations cut into wooden objects
(B) differences among tools made of various substances
(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones
(D) indications of wear on stone tools
9. The word extract in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) identify
(B) remove
(C) destroy
(D) compare
10. The word whether in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) if
(B) how
(C) why
(D) when
