託福閱讀和考研閱讀哪一個難
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託福閱讀和考研閱讀哪一個難
託福和考研英語哪個難度大一些?左右看來是託福難一點，比考研多聽力和口語，還要求在電腦上打出來。
這兩個考試，因爲隸屬的出題機構不同，所以出題思路和考試風格都有所不同，不能簡單的定義爲難或者簡單。
從對英語能力的要求來看，託福的要求會更高。託福是一門英語能力綜合測試，聽力、口音、閱讀、寫作都要考察到。而且，託福沒有考試詞彙大綱，根據一般的總結，需要的詞彙量在8000左右。這些比考研的要求都要更廣泛。
但是說這些，絕不是說考研英語的難度比託福低。托福考察的是英語的絕對能力，而考研則考察的是英語的細緻掌握和理解。以閱讀爲例，託福閱讀所謂的難題，一般是難在閱讀文章的意思上，而這個意思難又基本難在詞彙和複雜句上。也就是說，託福的一道閱讀題，你可能會比較容易地找出它的答案對應着文章裏哪句話，但你卻可能讀不懂這句話。而如果讀懂了這句話，這道題解出來是一定沒有問題的。但考研閱讀則不同，它的難度更多體現在對出題人意思的揣摩上。單一句話的難度可能並不大，但每道題對應文章裏哪句話卻可能很難找到。就算找到了哪句話，你也會不知道它到底和哪個選項最接近。甚至把一道題的答案告訴你，也把每句話的中文意思都告訴你，你也不知道這道題到底爲什麼選這個。從這個角度說，考研英語可以看作高考中文的英語版。
再以完形填空爲例。考研中重點會考察詞與詞的搭配，例如某個動詞後面是接to還是for，而這些在託福中絕不可能考察。託福本來就沒有完形填空這種題，而寫作中如果犯下類似搭配用錯的小錯誤，只要不嚴重一般也不會影響最終的成績。
因此，不能斷言這兩種考試哪種更難。只能說，命題思路和宗旨是完全不同的。但總體而言，託福的高詞彙量和長難句還是會對考研英語的複習有較大的備考作用。所謂“考過託福GRE的考研也不一定考得好”的說法，要麼是考生的托福考的也不怎麼樣，要麼就不過是爲了誇大考研的難度而已了。
出國和考研，無論哪一條路，都無法成爲逃避另一條路的捷徑。直面現實，好好努力。
託福閱讀TPO33第1篇:最初的文明
【1】Evidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.
【2】The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without movingto a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.
【3】The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.
【4】The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.
【5】The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.
託福閱讀TPO33第1篇題目:最初的文明
phrase "culminated in" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
hed a high point with.
cally followed from.
ly contributed to.
ed.
rding to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?
used farming to supplement other food sources.
were driven out of small communities.
were victims of flooding.
farmed several plots of land at once.
word "undoubtedly" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
easingly.
ainly.
general.
D.apparently.
rding to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.
soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.
crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.
ing techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.
heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.
word "enhance" in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
e.
ove.
rol.
ect.
word "provoked"(paragraph 3) in the passage is closest in meaning to
red.
dinated.
led.
ght about.
rding to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?
A.A significant increase in population.
desire to control water resources for irrigation.
need for protection from outside forces.
demand for organized communication with other communities.
rding to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?
e the first steps toward civilization took place.
was allowed to replace "big men" after the "big men" died.
some individuals became recognized as leaders.
governments emerged.
is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?
graph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.
graph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.
graph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph 4 gives an extended example of one of them.
graph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses an effect.
h of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.
ging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.
creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.
graph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?
decentralization of authority.
increase in religious activity.
emergence of service- and production-related jobs.
D.A decreased reliance on mineral resources.
rding to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?
protect the inhabitants from invaders.
mark the urban areas.
separate the ruling class from the rest of the population.
represent the prosperity of a city.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? ?? This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.
The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■【A】??With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. ■【B】??While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■【C】 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. ■【D】??Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall andseparate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.
14. Prose Summary
The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.
istorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.
ivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.
use crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.
need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.
easingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.
ke other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.
託福閱讀TPO33第1篇答案:最初的文明
1.詞彙題，culminate表示"達到高峯"，選A。
2.細節題，Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.當食物來源短缺的時候來時種植糧食來維持生計，對應A選項：他們用農業來補充其他食物來源。
ubtedly，毫無疑問的，理所當然的，選B。
4.定位於"The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment earned by the liver waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.裏面提到了 not as dependent on rainfall."不太依賴於降雨"，對應B選項：不完全依賴降水。同時也提到了"deposited nutrients in the soil"，在土壤中沉澱營養，對應A選項: 土壤營養豐富。
nce，提高，增強，對應B。
oke，激起，引起，對應D。
7.否定細節題：定位第二句 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.中的"significant growth in population"對應 A 選項;"efforts to control the flow of water"對應B選項;protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community 對應C選項。因此D選項錯誤。
8.否定細節題：定位句"The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa. India, and China.出現地點 northern Africa, India and China"對應A選項。定位句"As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status,"提到了世襲制，對應B選項。定位句 By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community.對應C選項。定位句How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain.與D選項相違背。因此D選項錯誤。
9.宏觀題，第三段講領導者即後來的政府形成的原因，第四段講領導是如何形成的，選A。
10.句子簡化題：原句邏輯whik表示對比轉折;句子核心：城市中心的經濟功 能以及管理中心的儀式功能。A選項句子對應兩個核心，while的轉折對比關係正確，因此A選項正確。
11.推斷題：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.在這些城市只能給，新的生活形式的出現滿足了不斷增長的社會服務和消費品的需求。可以推斷出有需求就有供給，就會出現與之相關的產業。
12.細節題：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.意思是說通過建立高牆來建立嚴格的等級制度，將統治者和普通老闆姓區分開來，對應C選項。
13.句子插入題：This was accompanied by increased professional specialization中的professional specialization職業專門化對應第四個方框之後句子中的 artisans or merchants, warriors, scholars, or priests。
ivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.正確。對應第二段 An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratoiy) societies were born.因爲土壤中含有豐富的營養.所以一塊地農民可以種很多年，因此就不用遷移到別 的地方，最後就定居了。
The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.正確。對應第三段的核心主旨：政府的形成。
Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.正確。對應第五段核心意思：中央集權導致了社會階層和不同功能城市的形成。
