維基解密:美國不妥協 TPP談判陷入分歧大綱
Deep divisions over TPP as US pressures to close controversial deal.
美國通過施壓關閉有爭議的交易在跨太平洋貿易協議產生嚴重的分歧。Trade ministers and representatives attend the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Ministerial Meeting in Singapore on December 7, 2013. (AFP Photo / Roslan Rahman)
2013年12月7日貿易部長和代表出席了在新加坡的跨太平洋夥伴關係（TPP）部長級會議。The US is ramping up pressure to secure a Trans-Pacific Trade Deal with conditions that could undermine the national interests of nations involved. WikiLeaks documents say talks are “paralyzed,” with the US refusing to compromise on disputed issues.
美國正在加強壓力，以確保一個可能涉及損害他國國家利益的跨太平洋貿易協議通過。維基解密文件稱，因爲美國對爭議問題據不妥協，造成會議“無法進展”。
Anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks has released two documents revealing the state of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The deal in question includes 12 countries – the United States, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Chile, Singapore, Peru, Vietnam, New Zealand and Brunei – which represent more than 40 percent of the world’s gross domestic product.
反保密集團維基解密發佈了兩個文件揭示了跨太平洋夥伴關係協議（TPP）談判的狀態。有問題的交易包括12個國家 - 美國，日本，墨西哥，加拿大，澳大利亞，馬來西亞，智利，新加坡，祕魯，越南，新西蘭和文萊——佔全球國內生產總值（GDP）的40%。The 12 nations are in Singapore this week to discuss the trade agreement. Following a closed-door meeting in Singapore, Japan's trade minister Yasutoshi Nishimura told press he would like “the United States to show flexibility.”
上週，這十二個國家在新加坡討論貿易協定，繼在新加坡的一個閉門會議後，日本經濟產業大臣西村泰敏告訴記者，他希望“美國表現出靈活性。”"I've already mentioned the parts we can't budge on, so the issue is what both sides can do based on that,” Nishimura said.
“我已經提過我們不能讓步的部分，所以在此基礎上雙方可就此事討論。”西村說。Details of the deal had been hidden from the public eye until last month when WikiLeaks divulged a trove of information describing the ins and outs of the agreement. Washington has been criticized for not revealing the details of the agreement.
該交易的詳情本已經逃過了公衆的眼睛，直到上個月，維基解密泄露出來的協議文件交代了了此次交易的來龍去脈。華盛頓一直被批評沒有披露該協議的細節。WikiLeaks’ files show that there is significant disagreement over 119 outstanding issues, with the US refusing to compromise on a number of contentious issues. It is not clear from which of the 12 countries participating in the talks the leaks came.
維基解密的文件表明，美國在一些爭議性問題上拒絕妥協，雙方在119項重要事務上有嚴重分歧。關於12國參與討論文件的泄漏來源並不清楚。“The US is exerting great pressure to close as many issues as possible this week,” reads one of the documents. “One country remarked that up until now there had been no perceivable, substantial movement on the part of the US, and that is the reason for this situation.”
“美國正在不斷施壓，試圖在本週儘可能多地結束分歧。”一個文件中如此記載。“一個國家談道，到目前爲止美國方面還沒有任何可見的實質性動作，這是造成如今狀況的原因。”The Obama administration has called on all parties involved in the deal to reach an agreement before the end of the year. However, disputes over key issues may lead to “a partial closure scenario or even a failure in December.”
奧巴馬號召有關各方在年底前達成協議。然而，12月份就關鍵議題的爭端可能導致“一個半拉子方案或者談判失敗。”The deal has been hailed by Washington as a “number one priority” that will boost the economies of all the participating countries. But some of the conditions have sparked criticism that the nations involved in the deal may see their interests undermined.
TPP協議被華盛頓鼓吹作加速所有參與國經濟的“不二選擇”。但是其中部分條款引發了損害其他國家利益的批評。Among the issues blocking the agreement stipulates new powers for multinationals that would allow them to challenge country laws in privately run international courts. Washington has endorsed such powers in previous trade deals such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but conditions in the TPP could grant multinational more powers to challenge a wider range of laws. Under NAFTA several companies including Dow Chemicals and Exxon Mobil have sought to overrule regulations on fracking, oil drilling and drug patents.
一些阻礙談判的爭議性條款中規定了跨國公司的新權力：允許通過商辦國際法庭來挑戰國家法律。華府曾經在其他商貿協定例如北美自貿區談判中推行過這個權力，但在TPP條款中跨國公司將被賦予更廣泛的挑戰法律的權力。在北美自貿區協定中，一些公司如陶氏化學和埃克森美孚，曾試圖否決關於水力壓裂法、石油鑽探和藥品專利的管理條例。（譯者注：水力壓裂法是將水或沙等注入岩層以抽取天然氣的方法，主要用於頁岩氣開採，由於大量耗水以及污染地下水等潛在問題目前對此褒貶不一）“The United States, as in previous rounds, has shown no flexibility on its proposal, being one of the most significant barriers to closing the chapter,” said a memo from one of the participating countries obtained by the Huffington Post.
赫芬頓郵報獲得的一個參與國的備忘錄中如此寫道：“就像之前的幾輪談判一樣，終結這一分歧部分的最大障礙正是美國在提案中毫不妥協的態度。”Furthermore, among the rumored conditions in the treaty are new standards that would grant pharmaceutical companies new intellectual property rights. The regulations would extend patents, giving companies monopolies on new medications and potentially pushing up prices in the developing countries participating in the deal.
不僅如此，傳言中其他一些條款包含授予製藥公司知識產權的新標準。條例規定延長專利期限，賦予製藥公司對於新藥的壟斷權，潛在地推高參與TPP的發展中國家的國內藥品價格。“If instituted, the TPP’s IP regime would trample over individual rights and free expression, as well as ride roughshod over the intellectual and creative commons,” said WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange in a November statement. “If you read, write, publish, think, listen, dance, sing or invent; if you farm or consume food; if you’re ill now or might one day be ill, the TPP has you in its crosshairs.”
維基解密的創始人阿桑奇在11月的聲明中說：“TTP一旦建立，知識產權制度將會踐踏人權和言論自由，恣意欺凌有識之士。”“只要你閱讀、寫作、出版、思考、傾聽、舞蹈、歌唱或者發明；只要你生產或者消費食品；只要你身患疾病或者將會生病，你就已經在TPP的準心之中了。”Rights groups have also voiced their opposition to the treaty and slammed reforms that they say would limit freedoms on the web. Organization Open Media have launched a petition against the TPP’s “extreme online censorship” and have already collected over 100,000 signatures.
右翼團體也已經表達了他們對條約的反對，抨擊在他們看來會限制網絡自由的改革。開放媒體發起了反對TTP“極端網絡審查”的請願，他們已經收集到了超過十萬個簽名。
